Energy requirements and body surface area of cats and dogs

Hill, Richard; Scott, Karen C.

doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.689

Cited by 31 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Following the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging guidelines, LV mass was approximated with the Cube formula that has been validated in humans (LV mass = 0.8 × {1.04[(LV internal diameter + posterior wall thickness + septal wall thickness) 3 − (LV internal diameter) 3 ]} + 0.6 g) 15 . LV dimensions were measured in end-diastole in the parasternal long-axis view and indexed according to estimated body surface 16 to account for differences related to the growth of the subadult animals. 2D-speckle tracking strain and strain rate were measured in the apical 4-, 2and long axis view in a total of 18 segments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac adaptation in hibernating, free-ranging Scandinavian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos)

Jørgensen

Evans

Kindberg

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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We used comprehensive echocardiography to characterise cardiac adaptations in hibernating brown bears. While we found no evidence of cardiac atrophy during hibernation, we demonstrated a decrease in functional measures. The measurements of cardiac velocities changed the most, which may indicate changes to Ca 2+ transfer handling during hibernation. Identification of factors responsible for the remission of decreased cardiac functional measures could have implications for the management of human patients with a number of conditions including heart failure.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac adaptation in hibernating, free-ranging Scandinavian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos)

Jørgensen

Evans

Kindberg

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The information about animals body mass during the examination appears a more appropriate way to express such a relationship between bodyweight (BW) and electrocardiographic parameters. The body surface area (BSA) was calculated using the Thomas’s formula (BSA =10 · 1 × BW) [ 60 , 61 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The normal electrocardiograms in the conscious newborn lambs in neonatal period and its progression

et al. 2015

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BackgroundVeterinary cardiology, especially electrocardiography, has shown major advancements for all animal species. Consequently, the number of ovine species used as experimental animals has increased to date. Few studies have been published on ovine systematic electrocardiography, particularly with respect to lamb physiology and neonatology. This study aimed to standardize the values of normal waves, complexes, and intervals of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in clinically Bergamasca healthy neonatal lambs, used as experimental animals. Serial computerized electrocardiography was performed in 10 male and 12 female neonates on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days of age. The following parameters were analyzed: heart rate and rhythm, duration and amplitude of waves, duration of intervals, and heart electrical axis.ResultsDuring the first 35 days of life, (1) the sinusal heart rhythm was predominant, (2) there was a progressive decrease in the heart rate and R and T wave amplitude, and (3) a progressive increase in the PR, QT, and RR intervals. Finally, we confirmed that various components of neonatal evolution were more discernible in the augmented unipolar leads (aVF), which we recommend should be preferentially used in future studies. No significant statistical alterations were observed between males and females in relation to the analyzed parameters.ConclusionsThe information assimilated in this study is anticipated to enhance the diagnosis of multiple congenital heart defects in Bergamasca lambs and could be implemented in studies that use ovine species as experimental models.

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“…where HR (beats/s) is the mean heart rate obtained from 6 heart beats. We calculated the cardiac index (CI) (l/min/m 2 ) using an estimation of body surface area (BSA) (m 2 ) as previously described [ 21 ]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low cardiac output as physiological phenomenon in hibernating, free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) – an observational study

Jørgensen

Arnemo

Swenson

et al. 2014

Cardiovasc Ultrasound

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BackgroundDespite 5-7 months of physical inactivity during hibernation, brown bears (Ursus arctos) are able to cope with physiological conditions that would be detrimental to humans. During hibernation, the tissue metabolic demands fall to 25% of the active state. Our objective was to assess cardiac function associated with metabolic depression in the hibernating vs. active states in free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears.MethodsWe performed echocardiography on seven free-ranging brown bears in Dalarna, Sweden, anesthetized with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine-ketamine during winter hibernation in February 2013 and with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine during active state in June 2013. We measured cardiac output noninvasively using estimates of hemodynamics obtained by pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography and 2D imaging. Comparisons were made using paired T-tests.ResultsDuring hibernation, all hemodynamic indices were significantly decreased (hibernating vs. active state): mean heart rate was 26.0 (standard deviation (SD): 5.6) beats per min vs. 75.0 (SD: 17.1) per min (P = 0.002), mean stroke volume 32.3 (SD: 5.2) ml vs. 47.1 (SD: 7.9) ml (P = 0.008), mean cardiac output 0.86 (SD: 0.31) l/min vs. 3.54 (SD: 1.04) l/min (P = 0.003), and mean cardiac index 0.63 (SD: 0.21) l/min/kg vs. 2.45 (SD: 0.52) l/min/ m2 (P < 0.001). Spontaneous echo contrast was present in all cardiac chambers in all seven bears during hibernation, despite the absence of atrial arrhythmias and valvular disease.ConclusionFree-ranging brown bears demonstrate hemodynamics comparable to humans during active state, whereas during hibernation, we documented extremely low-flow hemodynamics. Understanding these physiological changes in bears may help to gain insight into the mechanisms of cardiogenic shock and heart failure in humans.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-7120-12-36) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Energy requirements and body surface area of cats and dogs

Cited by 31 publications

References 23 publications

Cardiac adaptation in hibernating, free-ranging Scandinavian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos)

Cardiac adaptation in hibernating, free-ranging Scandinavian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos)

The normal electrocardiograms in the conscious newborn lambs in neonatal period and its progression

Low cardiac output as physiological phenomenon in hibernating, free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) – an observational study

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