Energy requirements of female Macaroni Penguins breeding at South Georgia

Green, J. A.; Butler, Patrick J.; Woakes, A. J.; Boyd, Ian L.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00670.x

Cited by 41 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…Data were extracted from 67 data loggers and prepared and analysed using purpose-written computer programs within the SAS statistical package (Version 8.2, SAS Institute). As in previous work (Green et al 2002(Green et al , 2003, the recovery period following the implantation period was excluded from the analysis by either (1) ignoring data collected during the period from implantation to the start of the first foraging trip for birds receiving implants during the chickrearing period, or (2) ignoring data collected during the first 52 h for birds receiving implants during fasting periods (Green et al 2002). Careful observation of the breeding behaviour of the individual penguins and preliminary analysis of the depth and body-attitude data allowed each day of the deployment for each penguin to be assigned to a phase of the annual cycle and a day since the start of that phase for that bird.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Mar Ecol Prog Ser 296: [183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196] 2005 hence food demands are likely to be high (Green et al 2002), but there is currently no information about the location, foraging habits or diet of macaroni penguins during this period.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Penguins often have to dive more frequently (Charrassin et al 1998, Radl & Culik 1999 or alter time allocation during dives (Charrassin et al 2002) to maintain their intake of prey in response to decreased prey availability. Energetic demands are bound to be greater in winter than during the brood and crèche periods, since the penguins spend the night in water and metabolic rate at night is far higher in water than it is on land (Green et al 2002). Diving animals forage most efficiently when prey are located at a predictable depth and they can dive within their maximum duration (e.g.…”

Section: Seasonal Variability In Diving Timing and Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have examined behaviour during the summer breeding season, when the penguins are constrained by the requirement to return to land regularly (Williams & Croxall 1991). These include studies of energetics (Davis et al 1989, Green et al 2002, foraging location (Barlow & Croxall 2002b), diving behaviour (Croxall et al 1993, Green et al 2003, nest attendance and chick-rearing and diet (Barlow & Croxall 2002a). However, macaroni penguins spend over half the year, including the entire austral winter, at sea, apparently without returning to land (Williams & Croxall 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, macaroni penguins spend over half the year, including the entire austral winter, at sea, apparently without returning to land (Williams & Croxall 1991). During this period, energy expenditure and hence food demands are likely to be high (Green et al 2002), but there is currently no information about the location, foraging habits or diet of macaroni penguins during this period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioural flexibility during year-round foraging in macaroni penguins

Green¹,

Boyd²,

Woakes³

et al. 2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Penguins are major consumers in the marine environment. However, like many top predators, very little information exists on their foraging behaviour outside the breeding season. We investigated the foraging behaviour of the macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus continuously for 2 consecutive years, from the end of December 2001. This allowed us to investigate whether foraging behaviour varied between sexes, years or phases of the annual cycle. Male penguins tended to dive deeper and longer than female penguins, but at a lower frequency, probably as a result of their larger body size. There was little variation in foraging behaviour between the 2 years studied, although neither year included a notable period of low Antarctic krill abundance. Diving behaviour varied substantially within years and general linear models were used to investigate this variability. In summary, all penguins tended to dive deeper, longer and more efficiently during their winter migration than during the summer breeding season. The penguins dived predominantly during daylight hours at all times of the year, but appeared to be more constrained by daylight during the short winter days. Several diving variables including dive duration, dive rate and amount of time spent diving were significantly related to day length and these associations were stronger during winter than summer. The macaroni penguin shows flexibility in its foraging behaviour as it adapts to differing constraints and challenges during its annual cycle. KEY WORDS: Behavioural plasticity · Penguin · Southern Ocean · Diving behaviour · Eudyptes chrysolophus Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 296: [183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196] 2005 hence food demands are likely to be high (Green et al. 2002), but there is currently no information about the location, foraging habits or diet of macaroni penguins during this period.This paucity of information on year-round behaviour is not restricted to macaroni penguins. With the exception of some information on location (Weimerskirch & Wilson 2000, no other seabirds, or indeed any other marine predators, have had their foraging behaviour studied continuously throughout their annual (or biannual) cycle. However, several species have been studied at different times of year, or at the same time in years of differing environmental conditions, including king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus (Charrassin & Bost 2001) and Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella . These studies frequently identified differences in foraging patterns at different times of the year. The changes are often related to differences in foraging location and therefore the underlying oceanography/topography (Charrassin & Bost 2001 and/or prey species (Kato et al. 2003). This flexibility in behaviour illustrates the importance of studying animals at all stages of their life history, in order to understand how they interact with their environment and how they might re...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Seasonal Variability In Diving Timing and Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Behavioural flexibility during year-round foraging in macaroni penguins

Green¹,

Boyd²,

Woakes³

et al. 2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Hot Penguins: Cold Water

Ainley,

Wilson

2023

Fascinating Life Sciences

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The Importance of Krill Predation in the Southern Ocean

Trathan

Hill

2016

Advances in Polar Ecology

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Antarctic krill is a major prey species for a diverse array of Southern Ocean predators. The amount of krill that predators consume, and how this changes over space and time, is a key issue in understanding both regional and circumpolar aspects of the Southern Ocean foodweb. We assess current knowledge of consumption by the various predator groups, and the ecological processes through which krill and its predators influence each other. Knowledge has improved greatly over recent decades and has revealed a high level of complexity in the processes that govern krill consumption. We focus on the Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Sea region where both krill and its consumers occur in significant concentrations and where an updated estimate of krill consumption by the main vertebrate groups is 55 million tonnes per year. Research has mainly focused on mammalian and avian predators of post-larval krill, particularly penguins. Potentially important consumer groups like fish, cephalopods and carnivorous zooplankton remain poorly understood, as does consumption of the early life stages of krill. As a consequence of these knowledge gaps and the variability that arises from complexity, a reliable seasonally, spatially or taxonomically resolved description of krill consumption remains elusive. One of the key motivations for attempting to estimate krill consumption is to understand how changes in krill availability impact predator populations.Such understanding is an important requirement for ecosystem based management of the Antarctic krill fishery. We therefore propose that integrated study areas in strategic fishing locations should be developed to directly assess the response of krill predators to changes in krill availability.

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Energy requirements of female Macaroni Penguins breeding at South Georgia

Cited by 41 publications

References 54 publications

Behavioural flexibility during year-round foraging in macaroni penguins

Behavioural flexibility during year-round foraging in macaroni penguins

Hot Penguins: Cold Water

The Importance of Krill Predation in the Southern Ocean

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