Energy Restriction Reduces Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids Associated with Plasma Lipids in Aging Male Rats

Hardy, Robert W.; Meckling‐Gill, Kelly A.; Williford, Jodie; Desmond, Reneé A.; Wei, Huachen

doi:10.1093/jn/131.10.3172

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In this regard, our DEXA data, although not conclusive, were in agreement with previous rodent data with regard to a proportionally smaller loss of high energy-consuming organ mass under CR (36). In our present study, as well as those published previously (13,15), the central FFM mass, as delineated by DEXA, constituted a greater percentage of body weight in the calorie-restricted animals compared with C animals. Nonetheless, the appendicular FFM (upper and lower limb FFM) and central FFM (total FFM minus appendicular FFM) constituted a similar percentage of total FFM in the calorie-restricted and C monkeys (appendicular FFM ϭ 44%, central FFM ϭ 56%).…”

Section: Effect Of Crsupporting

confidence: 89%

Influences of calorie restriction and age on energy expenditure in the rhesus monkey

Raman¹,

Ramsey

Kemnitz³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Caloric restriction (CR) is known to retard the aging process, and a marker of aging is decreased energy expenditure (EE). To assess longitudinal effects of CR on EE in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), data from 41 males (M) and 26 females (F) subjected to 9 or 15 yr of CR were studied. EE and body composition of monkeys 11-28 yr of age were measured using indirect calorimetry and dual X-ray absorptiometry. Total EE (24-h EE) was divided into daytime (day EE), nighttime (night EE), and daytime minus nighttime (D Ϫ N EE). M calorie-restricted monkeys showed a lower 24-h EE (means Ϯ SD ϭ 568 Ϯ 96 kcal/day, P Ͻ 0.0001) than controls (C; 630 Ϯ 129 kcal/day). Calorie-restricted M had a lower night EE (difference ϭ 36 kcal P Ͻ 0.0001) compared with C M, but after adjusting for FFM and FM, night EE was not different between calorie-restricted and C males (P ϭ 0.72). The 24-h EE decreased with age (13 kcal decrease/yr, P Ͻ 0.0001), but there was no difference between CR and C. Adjusted for FFM and FM, D Ϫ N EE decreased with age (9 kcal/yr, P Ͻ 0.0001), with no interaction with age (P ϭ 0.72). The F were compared with age-matched M selected from the male cohort. F had a lower 24-h EE (496 Ϯ 84 kcal/day) than M (636 Ϯ 139 kcal/day) (P Ͻ 0.0001). Adjusting for FFM and FM, night EE was lower in F compared with M (difference ϭ 18 kcal, P ϭ 0.077). Night EE did not differ between calorie-restricted and C younger monkeys after adjusting for FFM and FM. In conclusion, CR did not alter the age-related decrease in EE with CR. metabolic rate; dietary restriction; indirect calorimetry HUMAN AGING IS ASSOCIATED with morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes (31). An age-related decrease in energy expenditure (EE) is one of the measurable changes, such that total EE was shown to decrease by 1-2% with each decade increase in adult life (19). Some of this decrease was attributed to decreases in fat-free mass (FFM), but even after accounting for differences in FFM, resting metabolic rate (RMR) was significantly lower in the elderly compared with the younger individuals (24,33,34).Calorie restriction (CR) slows the aging process and extends maximal life span in multiple species (37). The physiological effects of CR in rhesus monkeys include decreased body weight, lowered body temperature (21), and a decrease in the metabolic rate (2, 8). Of particular interest, in two nonhuman primate studies, CR was associated with reductions in EE beyond those of just a smaller body size (8, 26). In one study, the reduction in total EE (24-h EE) as measured by doubly labeled water was 17% lower in the CR compared with control-fed (C) monkeys. Of this difference, ϳ90% was explained by a lower resting EE in the CR monkeys (2). In another study of CR conducted in rhesus monkeys (8), total EE normalized for differences in FFM was lower in CR compared with C monkeys. However, resting EE explained only 13% of the difference. The effect of CR on energy expenditure has also been reported in other species (2,25) . This lower EE in excess of the decr...

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Section: Effect Of Crsupporting

confidence: 89%

Influences of calorie restriction and age on energy expenditure in the rhesus monkey

Raman¹,

Ramsey

Kemnitz³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Different tissues or organs do not have uniform rates of energy expenditure, and internal organs contribute Ͼ50% of resting energy expenditure despite the fact that they represent Ͻ10% of total body weight (48). Taken together, our study and those previously published (20,23,60) indicate that internal organs represent a greater portion of body weight in CR compared with control animals. These body composition alterations complicate whole animal comparisons between control and CR groups, and, therefore, measurements of cellular energy-consuming processes are required to determine the role alterations in energy expenditure may play in the actions of CR.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…In contrast, other organs either showed no change in weight (e.g., brain, lungs) between control and CR rats or a decrease in weight (e.g., heart, kidneys) that did not reach the magnitude of the restriction. Similarly, previous studies have also shown that long-term CR does not result in uniform changes in the weights of internal organs (20,23,60), and this nonuniform change in organ mass with CR could have important implications for drawing conclusions about cellular energy expenditure from whole animal data. Different tissues or organs do not have uniform rates of energy expenditure, and internal organs contribute Ͼ50% of resting energy expenditure despite the fact that they represent Ͻ10% of total body weight (48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Long-term calorie restriction reduces proton leak and hydrogen peroxide production in liver mitochondria

Hagopian¹,

Harper²,

Ram³

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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. Longterm calorie restriction reduces proton leak and hydrogen peroxide production in liver mitochondria. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288: E674 -E684, 2005. First published November 23, 2004 doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00382.2004.-Calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition increases maximal life span in diverse species. It has been proposed that reduction in energy expenditure and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could be a mechanism for life span extension with CR. As a step toward testing this theory, mitochondrial proton leak, H 2O2 production, and markers of oxidative stress were measured in liver from FBNF 1 rats fed control or 40% CR diets for 12 or 18 mo. CR was initiated at 6 mo of age. Proton leak kinetics curves, generated from simultaneous measures of oxygen consumption and membrane potential, indicated a decrease in proton leak after 18 mo of CR, while only a trend toward a proton leak decrease was observed after 12 mo. Significant shifts in phosphorylation and substrate oxidation curves also occurred with CR; however, these changes occurred in concert with the proton leak changes. Metabolic control analysis indicated no difference in the overall pattern of control of the oxidative phosphorylation system between control and CR animals. At 12 mo, no significant differences were observed between groups for H 2O2 production or markers of oxidative stress. However, at 18 mo, protein carbonyl content was lower in CR animals, as was H 2O2 production when mitochondria were respiring on either succinate alone or pyruvate plus malate in the presence of rotenone. These results indicate that long-term CR lowers mitochondrial proton leak and H 2O2 production, and this is consistent with the idea that CR may act by decreasing energy expenditure and ROS production. energy expenditure; aging; oxidative stress; food restriction CALORIE RESTRICTION (CR) without malnutrition is the only intervention that has consistently been shown to increase maximum life span in laboratory rodents (60). In addition to increasing life span in rodents, CR also delays the onset of diabetes, hypertension, and many types of cancer as well as other age-related physiological and pathological conditions (60). This shows that CR not only extends life span but also retards the rate of biological aging. The mechanism(s) responsible for the actions of CR, however, is still unknown.Two theories of aging, the rate of living theory (42) and the free radical theory (24), have been proposed as possible mechanisms for the retardation of aging and diseases by CR (56). However, both of these theories may contain the same mechanism, since mitochondria are central to both energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Because both processes contain a common mitochondrial link, it is reasonable to assume that alterations in energy expenditure (defined here as any process that converts food or stored energy to heat and work) could influence ROS production. Thus both theories may be linked by common reduction in mitochondrial ROS pr...

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“…These data show highly significant decreases in the levels of long-chain fatty acids (Ayala et al 2007). Energy restricted diets in rats specifically stimulate stearoyl-CoA-desaturase and effect massive decreases in levels of long-chain fatty acids (Hardy et al 2002). Similarly, dietary protein and energy restriction in young pigs also induces stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (da Costa et al 2004).…”

Section: Calorie Restrictionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Saturated fatty acid metabolism is key link between cell division, cancer, and senescence in cellular and whole organism aging

Ford

2010

AGE

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Cellular senescence is an in vivo and in vitro phenomenon, accompanied by physiological changes including cessation of division and disturbances of organelle structure and function. Review of the literature was undertaken to determine whether there is evidence that whole organism aging and cell senescence share a common initiation pathway. In vivo aged cells of different lineages, including aged T lymphocytes, show high expression of the INK4A-p16 gene. In cell culture when telomeres are shortened past a key length or state, the Arf/Ink gene system (p16/p14 humans, p16/p19 mice) switches on and activates p53, which suppresses further cell division. The p53 gene is a key tumor suppressor and its deletion or mutation allows cancerous growth. The switching on of p53 also causes changes in fatty acid metabolism, especially down-regulation of both fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA (delta-9) desaturase. The co-suppression of these genes together with enhanced uptake of extracellular fatty acids, leads to raised levels of cellular palmitate and induction of either apoptosis or senescence. In senescent cells, the fatty acid composition of the cellular membranes alters and leads to changes in both structure and function of organelles, especially mitochondria. Animal models of accelerated aging exhibit repression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity while anti-aging calorie restriction stimulates the same enzyme system. It is concluded that aging in cells and whole organisms share a common initiation pathway and that cellular senescence is protective against cancer. Healthy longevity is likely to be most enhanced by factors that actively suppress excessive cell division.

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Energy Restriction Reduces Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids Associated with Plasma Lipids in Aging Male Rats

Cited by 15 publications

References 37 publications

Influences of calorie restriction and age on energy expenditure in the rhesus monkey

Influences of calorie restriction and age on energy expenditure in the rhesus monkey

Long-term calorie restriction reduces proton leak and hydrogen peroxide production in liver mitochondria

Saturated fatty acid metabolism is key link between cell division, cancer, and senescence in cellular and whole organism aging

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