Energy Savings Calculations for Heat Island Reduction Strategies in Baton Rouge, Sacramento and Salt Lake City

Konopacki, S.; Akbari, Hashem

doi:10.2172/764334

Cited by 22 publications

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“…In an earlier report (Konopacki and Akbari, 2000), we summarized our efforts to calculate annual energy savings, peak power avoidance and annual CO 2 reduction obtainable from HIR strategies in Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City. In this report, we extend the analysis to metropolitan Chicago and Houston.…”

Section: Project Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Appendix A, we have reproduced the relevant section of Konopacki and Akbari (2000). The reader is referred to Appendix A for a more detailed description of the calculation methodology and description of prototypical buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the inception of the project, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) has conducted detailed studies to investigate the impact of HIR strategies on heating-and cooling-energy use of the three selected pilot cities. In addition, LBNL has collected urban surface characteristics data and conducted preliminary meteorology and urban smog simulations for the three pilot cities.In an earlier report (Konopacki and Akbari, 2000), we summarized our efforts to calculate annual energy savings, peak power avoidance and annual CO 2 reduction obtainable from HIR strategies in Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City. In this report, we extend the analysis to metropolitan Chicago and Houston.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Energy savings for heat-island reduction strategies in Chicago and Houston (including updates for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City)

Konopacki¹,

Akbari²

2002

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In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the "Heat Island Reduction Initiative" to quantify the potential benefits of Heat-Island Reduction (HIR) strategies (i.e., shade trees, reflective roofs, reflective pavements and urban vegetation) to reduce coolingenergy use in buildings, lower the ambient air temperature and improve urban air quality in cities, and reduce CO 2 emissions from power plants. Under this initiative, the Urban Heat Island Pilot Project (UHIPP) was created with the objective of investigating the potential of HIR strategies in residential and commercial buildings in three initial UHIPP cities: Baton Rouge, LA; Sacramento, CA; and Salt Lake City, UT. Later two other cities, Chicago, IL and Houston, TX were added to the UHIPP.In an earlier report we summarized our efforts to calculate the annual energy savings, peak power avoidance, and annual CO 2 reduction obtainable from the introduction of HIR strategies in the initial three cities. This report summarizes the results of our study for Chicago and Houston. In this analysis, we focused on three building types that offer the highest potential savings: single-family residence, office and retail store. Each building type was characterized in detail by vintage and system type (i.e., old and new building constructions, and gas and electric heat). We used the prototypical building characteristics developed earlier for each building type and simulated the impact of HIR strategies on building cooling-and heating-energy use and peak power demand using the DOE-2.1E model. Our simulations included the impact of (1) strategically-placed shade trees near buildings [direct effect], (2) use of high-albedo roofing material on the building [direct effect], (3) urban reforestation with high-albedo pavements and building surfaces [indirect effect] and (4) combined strategies 1, 2, and 3 [direct and indirect effects]. We then estimated the total roof area of air-conditioned buildings in each city using readily obtainable data to calculate the metropolitan-wide impact of HIR strategies.The results show that in Chicago, potential annual energy savings of $30M could be realized by ratepayers from the combined direct and indirect effects of HIR strategies. Additionally, peak power avoidance is estimated at 400 MW and the reduction in annual carbon emissions at 58 ktC. In Houston, the potential annual energy savings are estimated at $82M, with an avoidance of 730 MW in peak power and a reduction in annual carbon emissions of 170 ktC. Executive SummaryIn 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) embarked on an initiative to quantify the potential benefits of Heat-Island Reduction (HIR) strategies (i.e., shade trees, reflective roofs, reflective pavements and urban vegetation). The goals were to reduce cooling-energy use in buildings, lower the ambient air temperature, reduce CO 2 emissions from power plants, and improve air quality in urban areas. Under this initiative, entitled "The Heat Island Reduction Initiative," the EPA...

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Section: Project Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy savings for heat-island reduction strategies in Chicago and Houston (including updates for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City)

Konopacki¹,

Akbari²

2002

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“…14 In a recent study using a methodology similar to the pilot project, Konopacki and Akbari (2000) have estimated the direct and indirect energy impacts of all HIR measures in three U.S. metropolitan areas: Baton Rouge, Sacramento and Salt Lake City. The analysis indicated that for the three respective cities, potential annual energy savings (cooling energy savings minus heating energy penalties) of $15M, $26M and $3.6M, peak-power avoidance of 130MW, 490MW and 85MW, and annual carbon reduction of 40kt, 92kt and 20kt could be realized from full implementation of HIR measures.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy impacts of heat island reduction strategies in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada

Konopacki¹,

Akbari²

2001

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In 2000, the Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF) embarked on an initiative to quantify the potential benefits of Heat Island Reduction (HIR) strategies (shade trees, reflective roofs and pavements) in reducing cooling energy use in buildings, lowering the ambient air temperature and improve air quality. This report summarizes the efforts of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to assess the impacts of HIR measures on building cooling-and heating-energy use. We discuss our efforts to calculate annual energy savings and peak-power avoidance of HIR strategies in the building sector of the Greater Toronto Area. The analysis is focused on three major building types that offer most saving potentials: residence, office and retail store. Using an hourly building energy simulation model, we quantify the energy saving potentials of (1) Results show potential annual energy savings of over $11M (with uniform residential and commercial electricity and gas prices of $0.084/kWh and $5.54/GJ) could be realized by ratepayers from the combined direct and indirect effects of HIR strategies. Of that total, about 88% was from the direct impact roughly divided equally among reflective roofs, shade trees and windshielding, and the remainder (12%) from the indirect impact of the cooler ambient air temperature. The residential sector accounts for over half (59%) of the total, offices 13% and retail stores 28%. Savings from cool roofs were about 20%, shade trees 30%, wind shielding of tree 37%, and indirect effect 12%. These results are highly sensitive to the price of gas. Assuming a residential gas price of $10.84/GJ (gas price during December 2001), the net annual savings are reduced to about $10M; about 78% resulted from wind-shielding, 16% from shading by trees, and 5% from cool roofs. Potential annual electricity savings were estimated at about 150GWh or over $12M, of that about 75% accrued from roofs and shade trees and only 2% from wind shielding. The indirect effect was 23%. Potential peak-power avoidance was estimated at 250MW with about 74% attributed to the direct impacts (roofs about 24%, shade trees 51% and wind-shielding a small negative %) and the remainder (26%) to the indirect impact. The greatest part of avoided peak power (about 83%) was because of the effects of the residences and the rest shared by offices (7%) and retail stores (9%). Executive SummaryIn 2000, the Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF) embarked on an initiative to quantify the potential benefits of Heat Island Reduction (HIR) strategies (i.e. shade trees, reflective roofs, reflective pavements and urban reforestation) to reduce cooling energy use in buildings, lower the ambient air temperature and improve air quality. This report summarizes the efforts of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to assess the impacts of HIR measures on building coolingand heating-energy use. A companion report will address the air quality aspect (Taha et al., 2002). Background During the summer, solar-reflective roofs (also known as "high-albedo § " or "coo...

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“…In a recent study using a methodology similar to the pilot project, Konopacki and Akbari [5,6] have estimated the direct and indirect energy effects of all heat-island reduction (HIR) measures in five U.S. metropolitan areas: Baton Rouge, Chicago, Houston, Sacramento and Salt Lake City. The analysis indicated that for the five respective cities, potential net annual energy savings of $15M, $30M, $82M, $26M, and $3.6M, peak-power avoidance of 130MW, 400MW, 730MW, 490MW and 85MW.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

04/02174 Energy effects of heat-island reduction strategies in Toronto, Canada

2004

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The effect of heat-island reduction (HIR) strategies on annual energy savings and peak-power avoidance of the building sector of the Greater Toronto Area is calculated, using an hourly building energy simulation model. Results show that ratepayers could realize potential annual energy savings of over $11M from the effects of HIR strategies. The residential sector accounts for over half (59%) of the total savings, offices 13% and retail stores 28%. Savings from cool roofs are about 20%, shade trees 30%, wind shielding of trees 37%, and ambient cooling by trees and reflective surfaces 12%. These results are preliminary and highly sensitive to the relative price of gas and electricity. Potential annual electricity savings are estimated at about 150GWh and potential peak-power avoidance at 250MW.

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Energy Savings Calculations for Heat Island Reduction Strategies in Baton Rouge, Sacramento and Salt Lake City

Cited by 22 publications

References 4 publications

Energy savings for heat-island reduction strategies in Chicago and Houston (including updates for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City)

Energy savings for heat-island reduction strategies in Chicago and Houston (including updates for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City)

Energy impacts of heat island reduction strategies in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada

04/02174 Energy effects of heat-island reduction strategies in Toronto, Canada

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