Energy Storage and Regulation: An Analysis

Abstract

We focus on a region whose power system is controlled by an operator that relies on a regulation service to balance the total system supply to the total system load in quasi real-time. We consider the existing contractual framework in which a regulation unit declares its regulation parameters at the beginning of the contract, the operator guarantees that the regulation signals will be within the range of these parameters, and the regulation unit is rewarded proportionally to what it declares. Our purpose is twofold. We first want to obtain formulas for the regulation parameters that a unit with non-ideal storage should declare to the operator given its state of charge at the beginning of a contract. Second, we want to analytically quantify, ahead of time, the reward that such a unit could obtain in successive contracts by performing this regulation service. Since the state of charge at the beginning of a contract depends on what happened in the previous contract and, hence, is a random variable, we quantify this reward analytically using bounds and expectation. We then provide engineering insights by applying our results to three specific energy storage technologies that are often considered as candidates for regulation. In particular, we show the impact of the storage parameters and the length of one contract on the potential reward over a given period.

A Lab-scale Flywheel Energy Storage System: Control Strategy and Domestic Applications

“…Assuming that the electrical time-constant is much smaller than the mechanical one, the actual currents can be considered equal to their references for speed regulation. The Laplace transform of Equations (10) and (11) yields the following open-loop mechanical transfer function:…”

“…There is a diversity of mature and emerging technologies for energy storage such as pumped hydro, compressed air energy storage, batteries (Sodium-Sulfur, Lead-Acid, Nickel-Cadmium, Lithium-Ion, and Redox-Flow), super conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), supercapacitors, and flywheels [5,6]. The latter, with their high cycle life, low response time, and high power density [7], are good candidates for domestic and industrial applications [8] and even utility grid voltage and frequency regulation [9,10].…”

Flywheel energy storage systems: A critical review on technologies, applications, and future prospects

“…At present, demands are higher for an eco-friendly, cost-effective, reliable, and durable ESSs. 21,22 FESS can fulfill the demands under high energy and power density, higher efficiency, and rapid response. 23 Advancement in its materials, power electronics, and bearings have developed the technology of FESS to compete with other available ESSs and their applications.…”

Performance Analysis of Machine-Learning Approaches for Modeling the Charging/Discharging Profiles of Stationary Battery Systems with Non-Uniform Cell Aging

“…Thus, for such cases, SBS can be used as a buffer which will considerably reduce power output variability along with improving stability and reliability [11][12][13]. In addition, SBS can also provide other benefits for utilities, including peak load management, load-shifting applications (peak shaving and valley filling), voltage regulation and power quality improvement [14]. The Energy Market Authority of Singapore and Singapore Power jointly launched the "Energy Storage Programme" [15] to evaluate utility-scale energy storage systems (ESS) for such applications.…”