Energy System Contributions during Olympic Combat Sports: A Narrative Review

Franchini, Emerson

doi:10.3390/metabo13020297

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 61 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The glycolytic system can re-synthesize ATP through the non-aerobic degradation of carbohydrates and supports the metabolic energy requirements during intense exercise. This system, when compared to the phosphagen system, is characterized by an intermediate energy flux rate and metabolic power because of the higher number of reactions and greater overall capacity from a large amount of stored carbohydrates ( Gastin, 2001 ; Robergs et al, 2004 ; Franchini, 2023 ). In this regard, the Mader’s (1984) model proposed considering individual maximal glycolytic rates ( ν La.max ) to be utilized while determining the maximal glycolysis and power after an all-out sports-specific sprint test ( Hauser et al, 2014 ; Quittmann et al, 2020 ; Quittmann et al, 2021 ; Wackerhage et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modified formula using energy system contributions to calculate pure maximal rate of lactate accumulation during a maximal sprint cycling test

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose: This study aimed at comparing previous calculating formulas of maximal lactate accumulation rate (νLa.max) and a modified formula of pure νLa.max (PνLa.max) during a 15-s all-out sprint cycling test (ASCT) to analyze their relationships.Methods: Thirty male national-level track cyclists participated in this study (n = 30) and performed a 15-s ASCT. The anaerobic power output (Wpeak and Wmean), oxygen uptake, and blood lactate concentrations (La−) were measured. These parameters were used for different calculations of νLa.max and three energy contributions (phosphagen, WPCr; glycolytic, WGly; and oxidative, WOxi). The PνLa.max calculation considered delta La−, time until Wpeak (tPCr−peak), and the time contributed by the oxidative system (tOxi). Other νLa.max levels without tOxi were calculated using decreasing time by 3.5% from Wpeak (tPCr −3.5%) and tPCr−peak.Results: The absolute and relative WPCr were higher than WGly and WOxi (p < 0.0001, respectively), and the absolute and relative WGly were significantly higher than WOxi (p < 0.0001, respectively); νLa.max (tPCr −3.5%) was significantly higher than PνLa.max and νLa.max (tPCr−peak), while νLa.max (tPCr−peak) was lower than PνLa.max (p < 0.0001, respectively). PνLa.max and νLa.max (tPCr−peak) were highly correlated (r = 0.99; R2 = 0.98). This correlation was higher than the relationship between PνLa.max and νLa.max (tPCr −3.5%) (r = 0.87; R2 = 0.77). νLa.max (tPCr−peak), PνLa.max, and νLa.max (tPCr −3.5%) were found to correlate with absolute Wmean and WGly.Conclusion: PνLa.max as a modified calculation of νLa.max provides more detailed insights into the inter-individual differences in energy and glycolytic metabolism than νLa.max (tPCr−peak) and νLa.max (tPCr −3.5%). Because WOxi and WPCr can differ remarkably between athletes, implementing their values in PνLa.max can establish more optimized individual profiling for elite track cyclists.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modified formula using energy system contributions to calculate pure maximal rate of lactate accumulation during a maximal sprint cycling test

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Combat sports have been increasing in popularity, attracting a larger audience [1]. These sports, which are influenced by numerous physiological variables, encompass striking (e.g., boxing, karate and taekwondo), grappling (e.g., judo, Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling), mixed (such as hapkido and mixed martial arts) and weapon-based (e.g., fencing and kendo) [1,2]. To enhance the training and athletic performance of combat sports athletes, it is essential to understand the physiological responses associated with each sport [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To enhance the training and athletic performance of combat sports athletes, it is essential to understand the physiological responses associated with each sport [3]. Combat sports require the combination of different metabolic energy systems during training and fights [1,4]. The activities require short bursts of high-intensity movement, interspersed by extended periods of lower-intensity activities [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The activities require short bursts of high-intensity movement, interspersed by extended periods of lower-intensity activities [5]. The specific metabolic energy system contributions depend on the type of training being performed [1,3]. For instance, during high-intensity training sessions such as sparring or pad work, the anaerobic energy systems are primarily used [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The contribution of energy systems during 30-second lower body Wingate anaerobic test in combat sports athletes: Intermittent versus single forms and gender comparison

Tortu,

Ouergui,

Ulupinar

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Combat sports, encompassing a range of activities from striking and grappling to mixed and weapon-based disciplines, have witnessed a surge in popularity worldwide. These sports are demanding, requiring athletes to harness energy from different metabolic pathways to perform short, high-intensity activities interspersed with periods of lower intensity. While it is established that the anaerobic alactic (ATP-PC) and anaerobic lactic systems are pivotal for high-intensity training sessions typical in combat sports, the precise contribution of these systems, particularly in varied training modalities such as single (SMT) and intermittent (IST) forms of the 30-second Wingate test, remains inadequately explored. This study aims at comparing performance outputs, physiological responses and gender differences during the SMT and IST forms of the 30-second Wingate test. Thirty-three highly trained combat sports athletes (17 women, 16 men; 10 boxing, 8 wrestling, 8 taekwondo and 7 karate) randomly performed SMT and IST. The IST consisted of three 10-second all-out attempts separated by 30 seconds of passive recovery, whereas the SMT was a single 30-second maximal effort. Resting, exercise and post-exercise oxygen uptake and peak blood lactate value were used to determine the metabolic energy demands via the PCr-LA-O2 method. The findings showed that total metabolic energy expenditure (TEE), ATP-PCr system contribution and the output of mechanical variables were higher in the IST than in the SMT form (all p<0.001). In contrast, the contribution of glycolytic and oxidative systems was higher in the SMT form (all p<0.001). However, exercise form and gender interaction were not significant (p>0.05). In combat sports, performance is not only determined by physiological and technical skills but also by metabolic energy input and efficiency. Therefore, our results can provide a comparison regarding the effects of exercise type and gender on metabolic energy metabolism to design the training of combat sports athletes.

show abstract

“…The extent of oxidative involvement ranges between 81% (during the initial bout) and 90% (within the subsequent bout). This is trailed by a contribution of 9% (in the second bout) to 12% (in the first bout) from the ATP-PCr system, and a contribution ranging from 0.6% to 7% from the glycolytic system in the context of three sets of 3-minute épée match simulations [ 17 , 18 ]. The energy demand is influenced by factors such as gender, age, training ability, and the specific technical and tactical strategies employed in response to the opponent [ 3 ].…”

Section: Nutrition For Elite Fencersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition for European Elite Fencers: A Practical Tool for Coaches and Athletes

Lomazzi

2024

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of this narrative review is to create a comprehensive, innovative, and pragmatic resource to guide elite fencers and coaches in making strategic nutritional choices to enhance performance and facilitate recovery. The literature review identified only 12 articles specifically addressing the topic of nutrition for fencers. Thus, the recommendations provided in this review derive also from articles dealing with similar sports, such as martial arts, and from investigations with European elite fencers and their coaches. For elite fencers, it is suggested to consume daily 7–11 g/kg of body weight (BW) of carbohydrates and 1.5–2 g/kg of BW of proteins and allocate 25% to 30% of the total energy intake to essential fats, with a specific focus on omega-3 fatty acids. The timing of meals, ideally within one hour after exertion, plays a pivotal role in restoring glycogen reserves and preventing injuries. The intake of leucine, creatine, omega-3, collagen, and vitamins C and D is proposed as a strategy for injury recovery. It is worth acknowledging that even when personalized plans are provided, implementation can be challenging, especially during competitions and training camps.

show abstract

Energy System Contributions during Olympic Combat Sports: A Narrative Review

Cited by 19 publications

References 61 publications

A modified formula using energy system contributions to calculate pure maximal rate of lactate accumulation during a maximal sprint cycling test

A modified formula using energy system contributions to calculate pure maximal rate of lactate accumulation during a maximal sprint cycling test

The contribution of energy systems during 30-second lower body Wingate anaerobic test in combat sports athletes: Intermittent versus single forms and gender comparison

Nutrition for European Elite Fencers: A Practical Tool for Coaches and Athletes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About