Energy Systems

and, Joel M. Stager; Coyle, Michael

doi:10.1002/9780470698761.ch1

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Assessing individual F(t) curves improves the possibility of analysis and comparison of stroke profiles, and allow to more accurately know the sequence of propulsive forces during swimming (Keskinen, 1997). From our data, it was observed a decline in force production during the 30 s test for all swimming techniques, which has been suggested to be due to fatigue (Stager & Coyle, 2005). In addition, a periodical variation of propulsive force during each stroke is shown, resulting in either acceleration or deceleration of the body (Alves et al, 1995).…”

Section: Tethered Force Analysismentioning

confidence: 55%

“…The present study is the first to address the contribution of strength to the four swimming techniques, according to different competitive distance events. In addition, the used methodology may have some potential in evaluation for sprint and endurance swimming (Stager & Coyle, 2005). Corroborating Yeater et al (1981), normalizing the force data by body mass did not improve the correlations, for mean and maximum values.…”

Section: Relationship Between Variablesmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Relationship Between Tethered Forces and the Four Swimming Techniques Performance

Morouço¹,

Keskinen²,

Vilas-Boas³

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

126

108

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The purpose of the current study was to identify the relationships between competitive performance and tether forces according to distance swam, in the four strokes, and to analyze if relative values of force production are better determinants of swimming performance than absolute values. The subjects (n = 32) performed a 30 s tethered swimming all-out effort. The competitive swimming velocities were obtained in the distances 50, 100 and 200 m using official chronometric values of competitions within 25 days after testing protocol. Mean force and velocity (50 m event) show significant correlations for front crawl (r = .92, p < .01), backstroke (r = .81, p < .05), breaststroke (r = .94, p < .01) and butterfly (r = .92, p < .01). The data suggests that absolute values of force production are more associated to competitive performance than relative values (normalized to body mass). Tethered swimming test seems to be a reliable protocol to evaluate the swimmer stroking force production and a helpful estimator of competitive performance in short distance competitive events.

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Section: Tethered Force Analysismentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Relationship Between Variablesmentioning

confidence: 88%

Relationship Between Tethered Forces and the Four Swimming Techniques Performance

Morouço¹,

Keskinen²,

Vilas-Boas³

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

126

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For instance, in long-distance competitive events swimming technique and race tactics are major factors for success [ 1 ]. On the other hand, in sprint events muscular power is crucial [ 2 ] since very high speeds are targeted. Therefore, in this latter category muscle force production must be very high to overcome the water resistance and drag [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Contribution of Arms and Legs in 30 s Fully Tethered Front Crawl Swimming

Morouço

Marinho

Izquierdo

et al. 2015

BioMed Research International

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The relative contribution of arm stroke and leg kicking to maximal fully tethered front crawl swimming performance remains to be solved. Twenty-three national level young swimmers (12 male and 11 female) randomly performed 3 bouts of 30 s fully tethered swimming (using the whole body, only the arm stroke, and only the leg kicking). A load-cell system permitted the continuous measurement of the exerted forces, and swimming velocity was calculated from the time taken to complete a 50 m front crawl swim. As expected, with no restrictions swimmers were able to exert higher forces than that using only their arm stroke or leg kicking. Estimated relative contributions of arm stroke and leg kicking were 70.3% versus 29.7% for males and 66.6% versus 33.4% for females, with 15.6% and 13.1% force deficits, respectively. To obtain higher velocities, male swimmers are highly dependent on the maximum forces they can exert with the arm stroke (r = 0.77, P < 0.01), whereas female swimmers swimming velocity is more related to whole-body mean forces (r = 0.81, P < 0.01). The obtained results point that leg kicking plays an important role over short duration high intensity bouts and that the used methodology may be useful to identify strength and/or coordination flaws.

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“…Nevertheless, the assessment of specific muscle power output of both arms and legs seems to be underlying in swimming (Swaine et al, 2010) as the locomotion in the aquatic environment is highly complex, being difficult to assess the magnitude of these forces (Morouço et al, 2011). It has been purposed that as the distance diminishes strength role increases, when comparing with technical parameters (Wilke and Madsen, 1990; Swaine, 2000; Stager and Coyle, 2005; Morouço et al, 2011). Unfortunately, results trying to support this idea remain inconclusive (Girold et al, 2007; Aspenes et al, 2009; Garrido et al, 2010), and more studies are necessary to clarify the specificity of the strength training methods in swimmers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations Between Dry Land Strength and Power Measurements with Swimming Performance in Elite Athletes: a Pilot Study

Morouço¹,

Neiva²,

González-Badillo

et al. 2011

Journal of Human Kinetics

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The main aim of the present study was to analyze the relationships between dry land strength and power measurements with swimming performance. Ten male national level swimmers (age: 14.9 ± 0.74 years, body mass: 60.0 ± 6.26 kg, height: 171.9 ± 6.26, 100 m long course front crawl performance: 59.9 ± 1.87 s) volunteered as subjects. Height and Work were estimated for CMJ. Mean power in the propulsive phase was assessed for squat, bench press (concentric phase) and lat pull down back. Mean force production was evaluated through 30 s maximal effort tethered swimming in front crawl using whole body, arms only and legs only. Swimming velocity was calculated from a maximal bout of 50 m front crawl. Height of CMJ did not correlate with any of the studied variables. There were positive and moderate-strong associations between the work during CMJ and mean propulsive power in squat with tethered forces during whole body and legs only swimming. Mean propulsive power of bench press and lat pull down presented positive and moderate-strong relationships with mean force production in whole body and arms only. Swimming performance is related with mean power of lat pull down back. So, lat pull down back is the most related dry land test with swimming performance; bench press with force production in water arms only; and work during CMJ with tethered forces legs only.

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Energy Systems

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

Relationship Between Tethered Forces and the Four Swimming Techniques Performance

Relationship Between Tethered Forces and the Four Swimming Techniques Performance

Relative Contribution of Arms and Legs in 30 s Fully Tethered Front Crawl Swimming

Associations Between Dry Land Strength and Power Measurements with Swimming Performance in Elite Athletes: a Pilot Study

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