“…Similar results were found by Wang et al (2013) in Guangdong, Paul and Bhattacharya (2004) in India, Elif et al (2011) in Turkey, Acaravci and Ozturk (2010) in Europe, and Al-mulali et al (2013) in Latin America and the Caribbean. To test for the existence of a long-run relationship, the cointegration techniques developed by Engle and Granger (1987) and Pedroni (1997Pedroni ( , 1999 were widely used among researchers (see for example, Stern, 2000;Ghali andEl-Sakka, 2004, andSqualli, 2007; for some recent studies on developed and developing countries, e.g. Hwang and Yoo, 2014;Yavuz, 2014;Salahuddin and Gow, 2014;Alshehry andBelloumi, 2015, andJoo et al, 2015).…”