Energy use scenarios in an informal urban settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa

Makonese, Tafadzwa; Masekameni, Masilu Daniel; Annegarn, Harold J.

doi:10.1109/due.2016.7466703

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Thus, energy interventions in this region need to consider demand factors and should be less supply driven, as supply does not always lead to uptake. [73][74]…”

Section: Determinants Of Household Fuel Choicementioning

confidence: 99%

Household cooking fuel use patterns and determinants across southern Africa: Evidence from the demographic and health survey data

Makonese

Ifegbesan

Rampedi

2017

Energy & Environment

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Improving access to modern energy sources is critical to enhancing the quality of life of many people in developing countries. In southern Africa, the majority of rural and poor urban households are dependent on solid fuels to meet their cooking needs. To date, there is scarce information in the literature on household cooking fuel patterns across southern Africa. Using household fuel data from the Demographic and Health Survey, this study investigated cooking fuel types and the determinants of their choice by households in selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The data on household cooking energy were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show that 25% of sampled households in all seven countries have access to electricity, while 66% rely on biomass for cooking. Chi-Square analyses revealed a statistically significant relationship between place of residence and type of cooking fuel, and between access to electricity and type of cooking fuel. Results from multiple regression analysis showed that socio-demographic factors such as access to electricity, household size, the level of education and wealth index have a positive influence on the type of cooking fuel used in this region. However, access to electricity does not imply that households will negate the use of traditional fuels. These results have implications for household air pollution, health, policy and environmental sustainability. It is recommended that energy interventions in this region need to consider demand

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“…Thus, energy interventions in this region need to consider demand factors and should be less supply driven, as supply does not always lead to uptake. [73][74]…”

Section: Determinants Of Household Fuel Choicementioning

confidence: 99%

Household cooking fuel use patterns and determinants across southern Africa: Evidence from the demographic and health survey data

Makonese

Ifegbesan

Rampedi

2017

Energy & Environment

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“…Domestic biomass and fossil fuel combustion for space heating and cooking is also widely practised, especially in informal settlements that are found around most towns and cities (e.g. Kimemia et al, 2010;Vakkari et al, 2013;Butt et al, 2016;Makonese et al, 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

Aerosol characterisation including oxidative potential as a proxy of health impact

Josipovic

Leal-Liousse²,

Crobeddu³

et al. 2019

Clean Air J.

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This study aimed to characterise aerosols sampled in the vicinity of a major industrialised area, i.e. the Vaal Triangle. It included thedetermination of oxidative potential as a predictive indicator of particle toxicity. Aerosol samples were collated through the cascadefiltering during an eight-month period (12 h over three days in one week). Three size fractions were analysed for organic carbon(OC), black carbon (BC) and oxidative potential (OP), while ionic content was presented as monthly and seasonal concentrations. Thecontinuous measurement of black carbon by an optical attenuation instrument was collated concurrently with cascade filtering. Thecarbonaceous content was low compared to the ionic one. Within the carbonaceous concentrations, the organic carbon was higherthan concentrations of black carbon in both seasons in the ultra-fine fraction; the opposite was the case for the fine fraction, whilethe coarse fraction concentrations of organic carbon in the dry season had higher concentrations than black carbon in the wet seasonand organic carbon in the wet season. The OP tended to increase as the size was decreasing for wet season aerosols, whereas, forthe dry season, the highest OP was exerted by the fine fraction. The ultrafine fraction was the one showing the most contrasting OPbetween the two seasons. Continuous monitoring indicated that the higher BC concentrations were recorded in the dry/winter partof the year, with the daily pattern of concentrations being typically bimodal, having both the morning and evening peaks in bothseasons. Within the ionic content, the dominance of sulphate, nitrate and ammonium was evident. Multiple linear correlations wereperformed between all determined compounds. Strong correlations of carboxylic acids with other organic compounds were revealed.These acids point to emissions of VOC, both anthropogenic and biogenic. Since they were equally present in both seasons, a mixtureof sources was responsible, both present in the wider area and throughout the year.

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“…The common occupants in South African informal settlements are often unemployed individuals, or those who falls in the low income brackets. In the study conducted by [63,64], it was found that majority of the households live on an average income of R3500. Predominately, adult males and females reside in informal settlements, while there is only a small number of school-going children [65].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Xylene Concentrations from the Combustion of Coal in a Controlled Laboratory Environment

Masekameni

Moolla

Gulumian

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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A D-grade type coal was burned under simulated domestic practices in a controlled laboratory set-up, in order to characterize the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); namely, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). Near-field concentrations were collected in a shack-like structure constructed using corrugated iron, simulating a traditional house found in informal settlements in South Africa (SA). Measurements were carried out using the Synspec Spectras GC955 real-time monitor over a three-hour burn cycle. The 3-h average concentrations (in µg/m3) of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, and o-xylene were 919 ± 44, 2051 ± 91, 3838 ±19, 4245 ± 41 and 3576 ± 49, respectively. The cancer risk for adult males and females in a typical SA household exposure scenario was found to be 1.1 and 1.2 respectively, which are 110- and 120-fold higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated risk severity indicator (1 × 10−6). All four TEX (toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene and o-xylene) compounds recorded a Hazard Quotient (HQ) of less than 1, indicating a low risk of developing related non-carcinogenic health effects. The HQ for TEX ranged from 0.001 to 0.05, with toluene concentrations being the lowest, and ethylbenzene the highest. This study has demonstrated that domestic coal burning may be a significant source of BTEX emission exposure.

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Energy use scenarios in an informal urban settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Household cooking fuel use patterns and determinants across southern Africa: Evidence from the demographic and health survey data

Household cooking fuel use patterns and determinants across southern Africa: Evidence from the demographic and health survey data

Aerosol characterisation including oxidative potential as a proxy of health impact

Risk Assessment of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Xylene Concentrations from the Combustion of Coal in a Controlled Laboratory Environment

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