Engaging strangers in proximal interaction: Infants' social initiative.

Bretherton, Inge; Stolberg, Ursula; Kreye, Maria

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.17.6.746

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…On the contrary, infants in the 'bold' group spontaneously sought proximity with the stranger, and a majority of them even established physical contact with her. The existence of these two reactions in infants of that age is consistent with the findings of other studies using an infant-controlled procedure (Bretherton & Ainsworth, 1974;Bretherton et al, 1981;Eckerman & Rheingold, 1974;Ross, 1975;Ross «& Goldman, 1977).…”

Section: *P< 05supporting

confidence: 90%

“…She was instructed to sit quietly on the floor and not to be intrusive or initiate any interaction with the infant; yet she had to respond to the child's initiatives in a natural though semistandardized fashion. No toys were provided, since their presence could impede as well as facilitate the infant's interaction with the stranger (Bretherton et al, 1981). In the Toy situation, the inanimate object was a highly attractive wooden turtle, much bigger than the toys usually familiar to infants of that age.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This same 'need for distance' was also apparent in the more naturalistic, less anxiety-inducing experimental situations using an infant-controlled procedure. Here again, although a good proportion of infants were seen to spontaneously approach the unfamiliar adult and interact with her, an equal or usually larger proportion stayed away from her and would not approach, while not seeming upset by her presence and sending her abundant distal looks and smiles (Bretherton, 1978;Bretherton, Stolberg, & Kreye, 1981;Corter, 1973;Eckerman & Rheingold, 1974;Morgan, Busch-Rossnagel, Culp, Vance, & Fritz, 1982;Ross, 1975;Ross & Goldman, 1977).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Distance‐maintaining in infants' reaction to an adult stranger

Ricard

Décarie

1993

Social Development

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In an infant-controlled experiment, 38 babies aged 9-10 months, while accompanied by their mothers, were confronted with a novel inanimate object and an unfamiliar person. Among them, 17 who approached both the toy and the stranger were labeled 'bold,' while 17 others approached the toy but not the stranger, and were classified as 'shy.' A comparison of the familiarization strategies displayed by these two groups in the stranger situation was performed. It showed (1) that no fear nor any clear-cut sign of negative affect towards the stranger appeared in either group; (2) that the same process of maintaining a distance between themselves and the stranger was apparent in all infants, bold as well as shy; and (3) that a main difference between the two groups was the pace at which they performed the same kind of distal familiarization. A reinterpretation of the function of distance-maintaining in infant reaction to strangers is proposed, whereby it is seen as a positive and appropriate social behavior, rooted in the conception of persons that infants of that age are believed to possess.

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Section: *P< 05supporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Distance‐maintaining in infants' reaction to an adult stranger

Ricard

Décarie

1993

Social Development

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“…Throughout the formation of the attachment relationship, the mother's face likely continues to be an important stimulus. However, by 18 to 24 months of age, toddlers are more likely to approach a stranger (Bretherton, Stolberg, & Kreye, 1981) and generally respond more positively to the presence of a stranger than younger infants (Bohlin & Hagekull, 1993). By 4 years of age, children are engaged in forming relationships with people outside of the caretaking relationship, and are likely to devote more interest and exploratory behavior toward other people other than the primary caregiver, with whom they have a well-established relationship.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Age‐related differences in neural correlates of face recognition during the toddler and preschool years

Carver

Dawson

Panagiotides

et al. 2003

Developmental Psychobiology

118

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Research on the development of face recognition in infancy has shown that infants respond to faces as if they are special and recognize familiar faces early in development. Infants also show recognition and differential attachment to familiar people very early in development. We tested the hypothesis that infants' responses to familiar and unfamiliar faces differ at different ages. Specifically, we present data showing age-related changes in infants' brain responses to mother's face versus a stranger's face in children between 18 and 54 months of age. We propose that these changes are based on age-related differences in the perceived salience of the face of the primary caregiver versus strangers.Keywords face recognition; social behavior; attachment; stranger anxiety; event-related potentials Interest in relations between brain and behavioral development has grown substantially in recent years. Of special interest is the development of the brain basis of social behavior. Although researchers interested in the role of experience in brain development have proposed that experience can alter brain areas involved in social development (e.g., Greenough, Black, & Wallace, 1987), there are very little data that address this issue. Indeed, we still have little knowledge about the development of brain systems underlying the development of social behavior and cognition. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptWe describe age-related differences in the neural correlates of face recognition and suggest ways that these differences may be related to changes in social development that arise through the child's interaction with the environment. We examined the neural correlates of the response to the mother's versus a stranger's face throughout the toddler and preschool years. We sought to better understand the development of the recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces during a period of great developmental change in a number of cognitive and social domains.Infants have an inherent interest in faces, which may play a pivotal role in the development of relationships with others and in the ability to recognize the emotional states and intentions of others. A substantial body of literature makes it clear that very young infants are able to discriminate familiar from unfamiliar faces. For example, behavioral measures such as looking time and habituation have shown that, from a few days of age, infants prefer to look at a familiar versus an unfamiliar face (e.g., Pascalis & de Schonen, 1994;Pascalis, de Schonen, Morton, Derulle, & Fabre-Grenet, 1995), imitate selected facial movements (Meltzoff & Moore, 1977, 1997, and by 6 weeks of age, differentially imitate familiar versus unfamiliar people (Meltzoff & Moore, 1992, 1998.Evidence from electrophysiological studies shows that by about 6 months of age infants exhibit differential brain activity to familiar faces versus unfamiliar faces, and that infants' patterns of brain activity can be influenced by how similar the un...

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“…Secondly, the context of the encounter has a great deal of influence on the balance of positive and negative responses. Situations in which the infant controls the pace and direction of the encounter tend to bring out positive behaviours, whereas if the encounter is stranger controlled then negative behaviours on the part of the infant are much more likely (Horner, 1980;Levitt, 1980;Bretherton et al, 1981). Another important environmental context is the social referencing which may be provided by mother or attachment figure to the infant (Feinman, 1982;Feiring et al, 1984).…”

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confidence: 99%

Individual consistency in infant‐stranger encounters

Smith¹,

Sloboda

1986

British J of Dev Psycho

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The consistency of infant wariness to strangers was examined by arranging for each of eight infants to experience two encounters with each of eight strangers. The encounters were filmed and scored. The behaviour of the infants varied from predominantly positive to predominantly negative, but was significantly consistent across strangers, for individual infants. This consistency was present for measures of both positive and negative affect, and was taken as supportive of the ‘wariness of strangers’ construct. Male strangers produced significantly more negative affect in infants than female strangers.

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Engaging strangers in proximal interaction: Infants' social initiative.

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Distance‐maintaining in infants' reaction to an adult stranger

Distance‐maintaining in infants' reaction to an adult stranger

Age‐related differences in neural correlates of face recognition during the toddler and preschool years

Individual consistency in infant‐stranger encounters

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