“…Though the advantages of the online learning GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY environments are many, there are also several disadvantages, including lack of instructor presence and student engagement (Draus et al, 2014;Underdown & Martin, 2016), a sense of isolation and decreased performance by students (Martin & Bolliger, 2018;Underdown & Martin, 2018), and decreased learner interaction and increased disconnect (Byrd, 2016;Gray & DiLoreto, 2016). For the purpose of this study, lack of instructor presence and low levels of student engagement were explored (Draus et al, 2014;Underdown & Martin, 2016). As such, the remainder of the introduction focuses on these two key issues as raised in the literature.…”