“…Among 14 definitions in the marketing sector, three definitions proposed by Van Doorn et al (2010), Brodie et al (2011), and Vivek, Beatty, and Morgan (2012) are most broadly adopted in hospitality and tourism literature. Since 2014, 13 original definitions were developed in the hospitality and tourism scope (Dijkmans, Kerkhof, and Beukeboom, 2015;Fang et al, 2017;Gomez et al, 2019;Hashim and Fadhil, 2017;Huang and Choi, 2019;Pino et al, 2019;Rather, 2019;Rather, Hollebeek, and Islam, 2019;Sashi, Brynildsen, and Bilgihan, 2019;Taheri, Jafari, and Gorman, 2014;Thakur, 2019;Villamediana, Vila, and Küster, 2019b;Zheng and Guo, 2016). Despite variations in conceptualisation, certain fundamental propositions exist underneath.…”