“…In most cases, L2/FL learners may need to seek alternative resources to learn words independently out of class (Teng, 2020). Luckily, technological advancements have induced such learning opportunities with iCALL approaches, such as captioned videos (Teng, 2019(Teng, , 2022, mobile games (Chen and Hsu, 2019;Abdulrahman and Jullian, 2020;Rahman and Angraeni, 2020) and virtual reality tools (Madini and Alshaikhi, 2017;. Results have attested to the positive effects of technologies on learners' vocabulary knowledge, especially productive vocabulary learning, and their self-efficacy in vocabulary learning (e.g., Li and Hafner, 2021;Soleimani et al, 2022), which could pave the way for integrating ASR into vocabulary learning.…”