“…Klenk, Moser, Mueller, & Wimmer, 1993;Azzoni et al, 1995;Williams, 1996), and subsequently for detecting and isolating nonuniform cylinder contributions and estimation of cylinderwise torque contributions (e.g. Kiencke & Nielsen, 2005; Taraza et al, 1998;Moskwa & Wang, 2000;Straky, 1997;Lee et al, 2001). As the automotive industry is very sensitive to additional costs all methods proposed in the literature are based on using the existing speed pickup, without introducing any additional sensors.…”