Engineered Cell Membrane‐Derived Nanoparticles in Immune Modulation

Abstract

Immune modulation is one of the most effective approaches in the therapy of complex diseases, including public health emergency. However, most immune therapeutics such as drugs, vaccines, and cellular therapy suffer from the limitations of poor efficacy and adverse side effects. Fortunately, cell membrane-derived nanoparticles (CMDNs) have superior compatibility with other therapeutics and offer new opportunities to push the limits of current treatments in immune modulation. As the interface between cells and outer surroundings, cell membrane contains components which instruct intercellular communication and the plasticity of cytomembrane has significantly potentiated CMDNs to leverage our immune system. Therefore, cell membranes employed in immunomodulatory CMDNs have gradually shifted from natural to engineered. In this review, unique properties of immunomodulatory CMDNs and engineering strategies of emerging CMDNs for immune modulation, with an emphasis on the design logic are summarized. Further, this review points out some pressing problems to be solved during clinical translation and put forward some suggestions on the prospect of immunoregulatory CMDNs. It is anticipated that this review can provide new insights on the design of immunoregulatory CMDNs and expand their potentiation in the precise control of the dysregulated immune system.

Recent applications of immunomodulatory biomaterials for disease immunotherapy

“…[152] Genetically engineered cell membrane-based nanoparticles can also be used as drug carriers or immunomodulators to participate in disease treatment. [153,154] For example, Shen et al obtained MSC-PD-L1 + nanoparticles by wrapping PD-L1 + mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) membranes on the surface of PLGA nanoparticles. [155] MSCs are multifunctional stem cells of the body that can regulate the function of innate and acquired immune systems.…”

COVID-19 inflammation and implications in drug delivery

“…Interestingly, the ability of cell-membrane mimics, either empty or drug-loaded, with NPs core or not, to display the same membrane receptors as the mother cells, makes them a potential arm to attach toxins, viruses, membrane proteins, or signaling molecules and divert them away from their targets, giving an emerging class of biomimetics termed nanodecoys or nanosponge [ 79 , [83] , [84] , [85] ]. Further, hybridization and emerging genetic engineering technologies can be employed to quantitively and qualitatively change their antigenic profile [ 77 ].…”

Targeting the Macrophage-Ferroptosis Crosstalk: A Novel Insight into Tumor Immunotherapy

“…Composed of phospholipid bilayers, saccharides, and proteins, the cell membrane is naturally compatible with the in vivo environment and possesses a remarkable affinity to homogeneous cells [139]. Therefore, cell membrane-derived bionic nanoparticles are the current optimal nanoplatform for targeted therapy.…”