Engineered surfaces: A plausible alternative in overviewing critical barriers for reconstructing modern therapeutics or biomimetic scaffolds

Metal Ion Augmented Mussel Inspired Polydopamine Immobilized 3D Printed Osteoconductive Scaffolds for Accelerated Bone Tissue Regeneration

“…22 Moreover, a number of approaches have been anticipated to amplify the surface bioactivity of the fabricated scaffolds toward osteogenic cell attachment, proliferation, and bone regeneration. 14 Among all of them, surface immobilization of fabricated scaffolds with the bioactive mussel inspired molecule polydopamine is a promising strategy for the augmentation of cell adhesion, biomineralization, and bone regeneration. 23 Immobilization of the mussel inspired biomolecule on the scaffolds' surface has recently gathered much attention owing to the fact that mussel adhesive pads consist of an extensive amount of 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine as a repeat unit (dopamine (DA) and precursor of polydopamine (PDA)) which acts as a functional layer for harnessing essential growth factors, peptides, and biomolecules from the surroundings, enhancing the osteogenic activity of the matrix and, thus, promoting cellular differentiation leading to rapid bone regeneration.…”

“…Currently 3D printing offers a promising approach for customizing patient-specific precise scaffold structures in clinical applications. However, printing feasibility, physicochemical properties, and biological features remain significant challenges for 3D printed scaffolds’ in-ground realization toward bone regeneration. − This is due to the limitations in terms of a currently unavailable suitable polymer based bioink, low affinity of adherence of cells, and inadequate osteogenic surface bioactivity of the fabricated scaffolds. , Segmented polyurethane or polyurethane–urea (SPU) remains as a polymer matrix of choice owing to its chemical versatility, physicochemical properties, and suitable degradability promoting its application in varying biomedical fields such as vascular grafts, drug carrier systems, biosensors, or muscle tissue regeneration. ,− Its tunable physicomechanical properties by changing the percentage of constituent hard segments (HSs)–soft segments (SSs) and the nonacidic environment of the degraded product make it a promising substitute in osteoconductive applications over other polymers . Along with the polymer matrix osteoconductive nanomaterial, nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) or decorated nHA is widely used in bone graft substitutes owing to the fact that its superior biocompatibility, high aspect ratio, chemical structure, and Ca/P ratio (Ca/P ratio 1.67) mimic the apatite of the human skeleton .…”

“…Along with the polymer matrix osteoconductive nanomaterial, nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) or decorated nHA is widely used in bone graft substitutes owing to the fact that its superior biocompatibility, high aspect ratio, chemical structure, and Ca/P ratio (Ca/P ratio 1.67) mimic the apatite of the human skeleton . Moreover, a number of approaches have been anticipated to amplify the surface bioactivity of the fabricated scaffolds toward osteogenic cell attachment, proliferation, and bone regeneration . Among all of them, surface immobilization of fabricated scaffolds with the bioactive mussel inspired molecule polydopamine is a promising strategy for the augmentation of cell adhesion, biomineralization, and bone regeneration …”