Engineered Tendon-Fibrocartilage-Bone Composite With Mechanical Stimulation for Augmentation of Rotator Cuff Repair: A Study Using an In Vivo Canine Model With a 6-Month Follow-up

Abstract

Background: Rotator cuff repair augmentation using biological materials has become popular in clinical practice to reduce the high retear rates associated with traditional repair techniques. Tissue engineering approaches, such as engineered tendon-fibrocartilage-bone composite (TFBC), have shown promise in enhancing the biological healing of rotator cuff tears in animals. However, previous studies have provided limited long-term data on TFBC repair outcomes. The effect of mechanical stimulation on TFBC has not been explored extensively. Purpose: To evaluate functional outcomes after rotator cuff repair with engineered TFBC subjected to mechanical stimulation in a 6-month follow-up using a canine in vivo model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 40 canines with an acute infraspinatus (ISP) tendon transection model were randomly allocated to 4 groups (n =10): (1) unilateral ISP tendon undergoing suture repair only (control surgery); (2) augmentation with engineered TFBC alone (TFBC); (3) augmentation with engineered TFBC and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) (TFBC+C); and (4) augmentation with engineered TFBC and BMSCs, as well as mechanical stimulation (TFBC+C+M). Outcome measures—including biomechanical evaluations such as failure strength, stiffness, failure mode, gross appearance, ISP tendon and muscle morphological assessment, and histological analysis—were performed 6 months after surgery. Results: As shown in the mechanical test, the TFBC+C+M group exhibited higher failure strength compared with other repair techniques. The most common failure mode was avulsion fracture in the TFBC+C+M group, but tendon-bone junction rupture was observed predominantly in different groups. Engineered TFBC with mechanical stimulation showed over 70% relative failure strength compared with normal ISP, and the other groups showed about 50% relative failure strength. Histological analysis revealed less fat infiltration and closer-to-normal muscle fiber structure in the mechanical stimulation group. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that mechanical stimulation of engineered TFBC promotes rotator cuff regeneration, thus supporting its potential for rotator cuff repair augmentation. Clinical Relevance: This study provides valuable evidence supporting the use of a novel tissue-engineered material (TFBC) in rotator cuff repair and paves the way for advancements in the field of rotator cuff regeneration.