Engineering Aspects of the Conversion of Natural Gas into Middle Distillates

Senden, M. M. G.; Sie, S.T.; Post, M.F.M.; Ansorge, J.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2747-9_9

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A considerable amount of monomethyl chain branches form and the degree of branching decreases as the chain length increases. Theoretically, only methane can be produced with 100% selectivity (Senden, et al, 1992). The only other product that can be produced with high selectivity is heavy paraffin wax.…”

Section: Co C S + Comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, Shell commissioned a plant in 1993 in Bintuli, Malaysia, using the Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis process, which is essentially enhanced FT synthesis. This plant produces 500,000 tonnes/yr (12,000 BPD) of FT products from 100 MMSCFD of natural gas using a cobalt catalyst (Senden, et al, 1992). The plant produces automotive fuels, specialty chemicals, and waxes.…”

Section: Status/technology Developersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This site has collected a bibliography of the large body of documents from the 1920's through the 1970s, which are important for researching the history and development of FTS and related processes as well as an up-to-date listing of the latest publications in this field. Many excellent reviews of FTS have been drawn upon for this report (Mills, 1993;Dry, 2002; in an attempt to summarize, the chemistry (Frohning, et al, 1982), catalyst development (Bartholemew, 1991;Oukaci, et al, 1999;and Raje, et al, 1997), commercial processes (Dry, 2002(Dry, , 1999(Dry, , 1982Senden, et al, 1992;Haid, et al, 2002, Van Nierop et al, 2000, reactor development (Adesini, 1986;Dry, 1988;and Dry and Hoogendoorm, 1981), and economics of FTS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Process Configuration for High-Temperature Sulfur Mitigation during Biomass Conversion via Indirect Gasification

Dutta

Cheah

Bain

et al. 2012

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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amount of design data, more analysis should be performed for mixed alcohols synthesis to examine biomass-optimized configurations including recycle for maximum conversion and the resulting economics. All biomass fuels have potential to significantly reduce the import of petroleum products. Additionally, economies of scale can play a large factor in lowering the product cost. Therefore, opportunities to co-feed with coal or natural gas systems may be one way to get renewable fuels into the marketplace, just as co-firing biomass with coal is being done in the power generation industry. The impetus for this extensive literature review is the recent reorganization of the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) into eleven new Program Offices. EERE's mission is to strengthen US energy security, environmental quality, and economic health. The Office of Biomass Program is one of these newly created offices. Its goal is developing technologies to transform our abundant biomass resources into clean, affordable, and domestically-produced biofuels, biopower, and high-value bioproducts resulting in economic development, energy supply options, and energy security. In this context, commercially available and nearcommercial syngas conversion processes were evaluated on technological, environmental, and economic bases. This report serves as a first step. Additional, more detailed analyses are required to identify promising, cost-effective fuel synthesis technologies where biomass thermochemical conversion could make an impact. iii Table 1: Summary of Product Information-Facts, Advantages, & Disadvantages Product Facts Advantages Disadvantages H 2 Largest use of syngas Predominately made via SMR Appears to be the most cost competitive option for biomass Automakers working on H 2 fueled vehicles Table of Contents Executive Summary/Conclusions .

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Section: Co C S + Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Status/technology Developersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Process Configuration for High-Temperature Sulfur Mitigation during Biomass Conversion via Indirect Gasification

Dutta

Cheah

Bain

et al. 2012

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…(Senden, et al, 1992) − The capital cost of replacing Sasol's 16 CFB reactors with 8 FFB reactors was $225 million. There was no increase in capacity but the reduction in the operating cost was projected to be $1/BBL.…”

Section: Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary screening: Technical and economic assessment of synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals with emphasis on the potential for biomass-derived syngas

2003

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Executive Summary/ConclusionsIn principle, syngas (primarily consisting of CO and H 2 ) can be produced from any hydrocarbon feedstock, including: natural gas, naphtha, residual oil, petroleum coke, coal, and biomass. The lowest cost routes for syngas production, however, are based on natural gas, the cheapest option being remote or stranded reserves. Economic considerations dictate that the current production of liquid fuels from syngas translates into the use of natural gas as the hydrocarbon source. Nevertheless, the syngas production operation in a gas-to-liquids plant amounts to greater than half of the capital cost of the plant. The choice of technology for syngas production also depends on the scale of the synthesis operation. Syngas production from solid fuels can require an even greater capital investment with the addition of feedstock handling and more complex syngas purification operations. The greatest impact on improving the economics of gasto liquids plants is through 1) decreasing capital costs associated with syngas production and 2) improving the thermal efficiency with better heat integration and utilization. Improved thermal efficiency can be obtained by combining the gas-to-liquids plant with a power generation plant to take advantage of the availability of low-pressure steam.

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Study of the deactivation mechanism of Al2O3-supported cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

et al. 1995

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Engineering Aspects of the Conversion of Natural Gas into Middle Distillates

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Integrated Process Configuration for High-Temperature Sulfur Mitigation during Biomass Conversion via Indirect Gasification

Integrated Process Configuration for High-Temperature Sulfur Mitigation during Biomass Conversion via Indirect Gasification

Preliminary screening: Technical and economic assessment of synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals with emphasis on the potential for biomass-derived syngas

Study of the deactivation mechanism of Al2O3-supported cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

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