Engineering Nano‐Therapeutics to Boost Adoptive Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment

Abstract

Although adoptive transfer of therapeutic cells to cancer patients is demonstrated with great success and fortunately approved for the treatment of leukemia and B‐cell lymphoma, potential issues, including the unclear mechanism, complicated procedures, unfavorable therapeutic efficacy for solid tumors, and side effects, still hinder its extensive applications. The explosion of nanotechnology recently has led to advanced development of novel strategies to address these challenges, facilitating the design of nano‐therapeutics to improve adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for cancer treatment. In this review, the emerging nano‐enabled approaches, that design multiscale artificial antigen‐presenting cells for cell proliferation and stimulation in vitro, promote the transducing efficiency of tumor‐targeting domains, engineer therapeutic cells for in vivo imaging, tumor infiltration, and in vivo functional sustainability, as well as generate tumoricidal T cells in vivo, are summarized. Meanwhile, the current challenges and future perspectives of the nanostrategy‐based ACT for cancer treatment are also discussed in the end.

Nano Drug Delivery System for Tumor Immunotherapy: Next-Generation Therapeutics

“…Although adoptive transfer of therapeutic cells to cancer patients is demonstrated with great success, there are some potential issues, including poor tumor infiltration, and in vivo poor functional sustainability, as well as poor tumor-targeting efficiency ( 129 ). The explosion of emerging nanotechnology has improved ACT for cancer treatment.…”

Recent advances in nanomaterials for prostate cancer detection and diagnosis

“…[67][68][69] Benefiting from their appropriate size, large ratio of surface area to volume, and particular physical properties (including magnetic, optical, catalytic, structural, and electronic properties), nanoparticles have been exploited as nanosensors, nanoprobes, or nanosized contrast agents for PCa detection with high sensitivity, precise accuracy, and excellent biocompatibility. 13,14 Specifically for biochemical assay, nanoparticle-based sensors and nanoprobes not only show extremely high sensitivity, clinical relevance, and accessibility for the detection of general nucleic acids, proteins, or metabolite biomarkers in the specimens, but also minimize the complications of specimen processing methods. For visual imaging methods, a more accurate nanosized probe or contrast agent with highly sensitive and specific sensors as well as less toxicity is demanded to detect highly reliable biomarkers for earlier PCa diagnosis.…”

“…As one of the most promising technologies in the 21st century, nanotechnology has also shown great potential in tumor detection and diagnosis. [13][14][15] Nanoparticles, with nanoscale size and large surface-to-volume area, can provide a variety of advantages compared to conventional small-molecular diagnostic agents, thus considered as an ideal candidate for PCa imaging and diagnosis. 16,17 Nanoparticles can also be developed as multimodality imaging probes and biomarker probes for PCa detection and diagnosis, which can overcome the shortcomings of a single imaging modality and insensitive biomarker assays.…”

Advanced Nanotheranostics of CRISPR/Cas for Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

“…[123] CAR-T therapy has been developed into the third generation and has achieved remarkable efficacy in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and some solid tumors. [123,124] CRISPR/Cas technology could advance CAR-T immunotherapy by enhancing efficiency, alleviating toxicity, and saving cost to perform super-additive "1 + 1 > 2" effects (Figure 15A). CAR T-cell therapy has been synergized with CRISPR/Cas editing for active ex vivo trials.…”

“…[ 123 ] CAR‐T therapy has been developed into the third generation and has achieved remarkable efficacy in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and some solid tumors. [ 123 , 124 ]…”