Hemostatic nanomaterials can increase survival after traumatic injuries, which is a leading cause of death for people under 46. However, like many other intravenously administered nanomaterials, hemostatic nanomaterials can lead to complement-mediated infusion reactions. These infusion reactions are observed in about 10% of the population and can be lethal in a small fraction of people. In the context of trauma, complement proteins including C5a trigger vasodilation which exacerbates injury. Thus, nanomaterials that avoid complement and infusion responses while promoting hemostasis are critical to developing new therapeutics to manage bleeding. By screening complement responses to nanoparticles, we identified nanocapsules based on polyurethane as candidates that did not promote upregulation of C5a. We explored the PEGylation of these nanocapsules and functionalization with the GRGDS peptide to create a new class of hemostatic nanomaterials. We found that these polyurethane-based hemostatic nanocapsules do not activate complement or the major proinflammatory cytokines. We evaluated the hemostatic nanocapsules and controls using clinically relevant rotational thromboelastography (ROTEM). We determined that the hemostatic nanocapsules promote faster clotting than controls and maintain the maximum clot firmness associated with normal coagulation, which is critical for reducing bleeding and maintaining hemostasis until patients can get to definitive care. This study is a critical step in developing a new platform that is safe, effective, and translatable to preclinical models of trauma and, ultimately, the clinic.
Table of Contents Figure
Manuscript Main TextWith 30 to 40% of trauma mortality due to blood loss and 33 to 56% of this mortality occurring during the prehospital period, trauma is a leading cause of death, especially for young people (5-45 years). 1 Early post-trauma intervention is essential to maximize survival. [2][3] Having a technology deployed in the field to manage bleeding could transform trauma care. We previously developed hemostatic nanoparticles based on block copolymers of a degradable polyester (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) or poly(lactic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), and the peptide RGD. These nanoparticles were highly effective in reducing bleeding in several of rodent trauma models 4-7 . However, these particles activated complement when administered in porcine trauma models 8 . We developed a variant with a nearly neutral zeta potential that effectively stopped bleeding in the porcine model without complement activation at most doses. However, at the highest doses, complement was activated, and bleeding was exacerbated by the nanoparticles, including the control nanoparticles 8 .