Engineering Properties of Fresh-Water Ice

Gold, L. W.

doi:10.3189/s0022143000215608

Cited by 133 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…They determined the transitional strain rate at −10°C to be 10 −2 s −1 . According to compiled data by Gold [], the transitional strain rate of pure polycrystalline ice at −10°C is 10 −3 s −1 . Arakawa and Maeno [] suggested that their higher value of

{\overset{falsė}{ε}}_{normalD true/ normalB}

compared with Gold's value might be caused by confinement; their samples were slightly confined at both ends due to their setting method, and this effect caused the enhancement of transitional strain rate [ Schulson and Buck , ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental studies on mechanical properties and ductile‐to‐brittle transition of ice‐silica mixtures: Young's modulus, compressive strength, and fracture toughness

2017

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We measured Young's modulus, fracture toughness, and compressive strength of ice and of ice‐0.25‐μm hard silica bead mixtures in controlled systematic experiments to determine the effect of silica on the ductile‐to‐brittle transition. Unconfined compressive strength was measured in a cold room at −10°C under a constant strain rate ranging from 10−5 to 6 × 10−1 s−1 of mixtures with silica volume fraction f of 0, 0.06, and 0.18. In the brittle regime, the compressive strength σpeak was a maximum at the transitional strain rate and then decreased with increasing strain rate. In the ductile regime, the σpeak increased exponentially with increasing strain rate trueε˙ as trueε˙=B∙σpeakn. The stress exponent n for f = 0.06 and 0.18 was ~6, twice as large as the value of pure ice, n ~ 3. The transitional strain rate increased with increasing silica volume fraction; 10−3–10−2 s−1 for pure ice, 10−2–10−1 s−1 for f = 0.06, and >6 × 10−1 s−1 for f = 0.18. Fracture toughness and Young's modulus were measured over the range 0 ≤ f ≤ 0.34. Fracture toughness scaled as f0.5, while Young's modulus increased linearly with f. Finally, a theoretical model of the transitional strain rate proposed by Schulson (1990) and Renshaw and Schulson (2001) was compared to the measured transitional strain rates. Model predictions were in accord with measured transitional strain rates for pure ice but somewhat higher than observed for ice‐silica mixtures. Large model uncertainty was due to high sensitivity of the transitional strain rate to the stress exponent n.

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{\overset{falsė}{ε}}_{normalD true/ normalB}

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental studies on mechanical properties and ductile‐to‐brittle transition of ice‐silica mixtures: Young's modulus, compressive strength, and fracture toughness

2017

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“…One calculated value, 1.6 MN m '2, is based on a viscoelastic deformation law for frozen ground at high stresses, a sustained rate of cooling of approximately 10øC d -• at the ground surface over durations of one to several days and a mean absolute surface temperature of-25øC [Lachenbruch, 1962]. Tensile stresses can be expected to be comparable to but slightly above the tensile strength of freshwater ice, which has values of 1 to 2 MN m '2 at loading rates greater than about 10 -5 s 'l [Gold, 1977], because lake ice generally fractures only during extreme winter cooling events [Lachenbruch, 1966]. Therefore 'r o is set to 2 MN m '2 in the reference model.…”

Section: Reference Model Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fracture networks in frozen ground

Plug¹,

Werner²

2001

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…; and Austin et al. ), while ice surface layers are treated as a geologic material and modeled using a pressure‐dependent yield surface (after Gold ).…”

Section: Experimental Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This damage model is coupled to a von Mises strength model, where the PMMA is assumed to have a yield strength of 120 MPa. The Plasticine is modeled using a pressure-dependent von Mises strength model (after Christensen et al 1968;Thomsen et al 1979;and Austin et al 1980), while ice surface layers are treated as a geologic material and modeled using a pressuredependent yield surface (after Gold 1977). Simulations also replicated conditions at much larger scale, specifically the Rock Elm impact structure (following French et al 2004).…”

Section: Numerical Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating pressure magnitudes at depth for oblique impacts into layered targets: Applications to terrestrial impacts in sedimentary targets

Stickle

Schultz

2013

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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Abstract-The positive identification of the Rock Elm impact structure (Wisconsin, USA) and the Upheaval Dome (Utah, USA) as impact craters was complicated by a lack of distinctive shock features in the record. Low-impedance surface layers over high-impedance bedrock affect energy coupling and shock effects in the substrate; in both cases, removal of surface sediments erased most of the original impact structures, thereby making identification of the impact origin difficult. In this study, a combination of laboratory and 3-D numerical experiments reveals the underlying processes controlling subsurface deformation and demonstrates that a low-impedance layer can reduce expression of peak shock pressures left in the rock record, as at the Rock Elm and the Upheaval Dome impact sites. 3-D CTH models of the Rock Elm impact structure predict that peak shock pressures should fall below the hugoniot elastic limit of quartz in the basement rocks, yet still induce permanent deformation. The model predicts peak pressures around 5-10 GPa, levels consistent with field observations of shocked quartz from both Rock Elm and the Upheaval Dome. Consequently, other impact sites exhibiting minimal shock features might be explained.

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Engineering Properties of Fresh-Water Ice

Cited by 133 publications

References 22 publications

Experimental studies on mechanical properties and ductile‐to‐brittle transition of ice‐silica mixtures: Young's modulus, compressive strength, and fracture toughness

Experimental studies on mechanical properties and ductile‐to‐brittle transition of ice‐silica mixtures: Young's modulus, compressive strength, and fracture toughness

Fracture networks in frozen ground

Investigating pressure magnitudes at depth for oblique impacts into layered targets: Applications to terrestrial impacts in sedimentary targets

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