Engineering Stem Cell Organoids

Abstract

Organoid systems leverage the self-organizing properties of stem cells to create diverse multi-cellular tissue proxies. Most organoid models only represent single or partial components of a tissue, and it is often difficult to control the cell type, organization, and cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions within these systems. Herein, we discuss basic approaches to generate stem cell-based organoids, their advantages and limitations, and how bioengineering strategies can be used to steer the cell composition and their 3D organization within organoids to further enhance their utility in research and therapies.

Translational potential of human brain organoids

“…At present a major technical barrier is the heterogeneity of organoid cultures, which might be addressed by innovative bioengineered approaches such as scaffolds, micropatterning, and bioreactors 35, 72. With improved uniformity and reduced intra‐ and interbatch variations, we anticipate to find increased usage of brain organoids in phenotypic screening against various agents such as toxins, stressors, viruses, and drugs.…”

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for the Treatment of Cancer and the Future of Preclinical Models for Predicting their Toxicities

“…Organoids are 3D organotypic cultures and represent 'mini-organs' in a dish [30]. Organoids can be derived from stem cells and exploit their intrinsic biological capability of self-organisation [31]. The cells are able to organise themselves between each other and also within the tissue which allows the development of a mini-organ reflecting the structure and functional properties of organs such as brain, lung or intestine [32].…”

Intestinal Organoids—Current and Future Applications

“…Intestinal organoids have been transplanted into damaged colon for tissue repair [33], but only with limited engraftment success [37].…”