In the existing literature of thermal metamaterials or metadevices, many properties or functions are designed via coordinate transformation theory (transformation thermotics), including thermal concentrating and cloaking. But other properties or functions, say, thermal transparency, are designed by using theories differing from the transformation thermotics. Here, we put forward an effective medium theory in thermotics by considering anisotropic layered/graded structures, and we reveal that the theory can unify transparency, concentrating, and cloaking into the same theoretical framework. Furthermore, the theory not only gives the criterion for transparency, concentrating, and cloaking, but also helps to predict a type of ellipses-embedded structures which can achieve transparency, concentrating, and cloaking, respectively. The prediction is confirmed by our finiteelement simulations and/or experiments. This work provides a different theory to understand and design thermal metamaterials or metadevices, which might be extended to other disciplines, such as optics/electromagnetics and acoustics.