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Fries 1984Fries , 1991 to compare the means by which cohesion and information structure are signalled in English and Scottish Gaelic. We start with a brief discussion of textuality across languages and question the universality of Halliday's concept of Theme. From there we present a contrastive overview of textuality in the two languages, in which we characterise English as participant-oriented and Gaelic as process-oriented. We then provide a detailed analysis of the range of ways in which the distinct resources of each language combine to structure the flow of a narrative text in its English and Gaelic versions, as translated by the author (MacDonald 2009). In this way we demonstrate: (i) how the form and function of the textual resources available in each language can be related to their distinctive characterologies; (ii) how these individual resources function differently within the two texts; and (iii) how the distinct functions realised at the clausal level nonetheless interact to fulfil broadly equivalent functions in terms of the semantic relations indexed between consecutive stretches of text above the clause. Building on these findings, we suggest more general points regarding the appropriate units of analysis in (crosslinguistic) discourse analysis and typology and the level of abstraction of linguistic universals.
Fries 1984Fries , 1991 to compare the means by which cohesion and information structure are signalled in English and Scottish Gaelic. We start with a brief discussion of textuality across languages and question the universality of Halliday's concept of Theme. From there we present a contrastive overview of textuality in the two languages, in which we characterise English as participant-oriented and Gaelic as process-oriented. We then provide a detailed analysis of the range of ways in which the distinct resources of each language combine to structure the flow of a narrative text in its English and Gaelic versions, as translated by the author (MacDonald 2009). In this way we demonstrate: (i) how the form and function of the textual resources available in each language can be related to their distinctive characterologies; (ii) how these individual resources function differently within the two texts; and (iii) how the distinct functions realised at the clausal level nonetheless interact to fulfil broadly equivalent functions in terms of the semantic relations indexed between consecutive stretches of text above the clause. Building on these findings, we suggest more general points regarding the appropriate units of analysis in (crosslinguistic) discourse analysis and typology and the level of abstraction of linguistic universals.
In this article we show how speakers manage information flow in real time and signal their interactional expectations. Speech unfolds temporally, not only as a series of lexical items which are grouped into grammatical units, but also as a sequence of tone groups which have the potential to achieve an act of telling by moving from an Initial State to a Target State. While, there is a general belief that speakers commence their discourse with information that is shared prior to telling information that updates the common ground, our speech functional analysis of a corpus of monologue and dialogue shows that matters are not so simple. Speakers may complete increments with lexical elements which aim to manage the spoken interaction or they may use non-congruent prosodic cues to manage their interaction or to upgrade or downgrade the salience of information within the increment and thus breach the expected given before new order. Our paper is of significance in that it incorporates prosody into a detailed description of how speakers manage information flow in real time and secondly it shows how in extended monologues speakers simultaneously manage informational flow and signal their interactional expectations. In other words, turns are no longer privileged as the sole sites where speakers balance informational and interactional needs; instead such needs are balanced moment by moment within and between increments which are themselves shaped by the interlocutors' shifting apprehensions of communicative purpose and the extent of presumed shared information.
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