Engorged nymphs act as a conditioning stage to protect adult American dog ticks and lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) against heat stress

Yoder, Jay A.; Nelson, Blake W.; Main, Leighanne R.; Jajack, Andrew J.; Benoit, Joshua B.

doi:10.1080/01647954.2014.949307

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In a study designed to determine the potential for killing I. scapularis by laundering garments, 94% were shown to survive water temperatures in a range of 15–54°C, yet under exposure to drier temperatures of 54–85°C, 100% mortality was achieved within 4 min (Nelson et al, 2016). Similarly, laboratory experimentation has shown that A. americanum and D. variabilis nymphs can withstand temperatures of 46°C for at least 1 h without detrimental effects, but temperatures above 48°C are detrimental to successful molting, and temperatures of at least 52°C for 1 h may cause complete mortality (Yoder et al, 2014). Field evidence of temperature‐related mortality on ticks is more limited; however, one study found that >75% of A. maculatum were killed in the field in a fire where maximum fire‐front temperatures reached ≥330°C (Scifres et al, 1988).…”

Section: Prescribed Fire As a Control For Tick Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leaf litter exposed to solar radiation in P. palustris forests treated with prescribed burning can peak at temperatures at least as high as 50°C and rapidly lose moisture due to large vapor pressure deficits at the litter surface, even in humid environments (Kreye, Hiers, et al, 2018). This is above the threshold at which temperature reduces A. americanum and D. variabilis nymphal molting success (48°C) and approaches the temperature (~52°C) at which 100% nymphal mortality is likely (Yoder et al, 2014). This is also well past the temperature (28°C) at which egg molting declines for I. scapularis and the temperature (32°C) at which I. scapularis larvae and nymphs fail to molt (Ogden et al, 2004).…”

Section: Prescribed Fire As a Control For Tick Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can restoration of fire‐dependent ecosystems reduce ticks and tick‐borne disease prevalence in the eastern United States?

Gallagher

Kreye

Machtinger

et al. 2022

Ecological Applications

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Over the past century, fire suppression has facilitated broad ecological changes in the composition, structure, and function of fire-dependent landscapes throughout the eastern US, which are in decline. These changes have likely contributed mechanistically to the enhancement of habitat conditions that favor pathogencarrying tick species, key wildlife hosts of ticks, and interactions that have fostered pathogen transmission among them and to humans. While the longrunning paradigm for limiting human exposure to tick-borne diseases focuses responsibility on individual prevention, the continued expansion of medically important tick populations, increased incidence of tick-borne disease in humans, and emergence of novel tick-borne diseases highlights the need for additional approaches to stem this public health challenge. Another approach that has the potential to be a cost-effective and widely applied but that remains largely overlooked is the use of prescribed fire to ecologically restore degraded landscapes that favor ticks and pathogen transmission. We examine the ecological role of fire and its effects on ticks within the eastern United States, especially examining the life cycles of forest-dwelling ticks, shifts in regional-scale fire use over the past century, and the concept that frequent fire may have helped moderate tick populations and pathogen transmission prior to the so-called fire-suppression era that has characterized the past century. We explore mechanisms of how fire and ecological restoration can reduce ticks, the potential for incorporating the mechanisms into the broader strategy for managing ticks, and the challenges, limitations, and research needs of prescribed burning for tick reduction.

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Section: Prescribed Fire As a Control For Tick Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prescribed Fire As a Control For Tick Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can restoration of fire‐dependent ecosystems reduce ticks and tick‐borne disease prevalence in the eastern United States?

Gallagher

Kreye

Machtinger

et al. 2022

Ecological Applications

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Short day-triggered quiescence promotes water conservation in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis

2015

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A short day-long day exposure comparison of water balance characteristics throughout the life history of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, was conducted to examine how this tick survives winter-associated dryness. Larvae, nymphs, and adults under potential diapause-inducing conditions (short day, 20 °C) have low water loss rates compared to long day exposed ticks. Above the critical equilibrium activity, these nonfed ticks show greater water gain from lower water vapor activities. In contrast to nonfed stages, eggs and blood-engorged stages (fed larva, fed nymph) were enhanced for water conservation independent of short day exposure and did not display reduced water loss rates under short day conditions. This short day-prompted response in nonfed ticks was distinguished from a genetically programmed diapause as noted in other arthropods by: (1) reduction in water loss was temporary and could be reversed quickly by transferring to long day for only a single day, then re-triggered by returning to short day conditions; (2) switch between low and high water loss rates could be induced multiple times and for multiple different stages; and (3) response by ticks was to the photoperiod they were under, not the condition that was experienced by previous fed stages or in the mother in the case of eggs. Furthermore, short day had no impact on altering body water content, dehydration tolerance limit, instar yields, or developmental stadia. We conclude that a short day-triggered quiescence reduces desiccation stress associated with overwintering in nonfed ticks. This effect on water conservation due to short day exposure is more pronounced for subadults and is likely due to their increased sensitivity to water loss as a result of their smaller size, which is critical to prevent dehydration during the dry winter periods.

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Engorged nymphs act as a conditioning stage to protect adult American dog ticks and lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) against heat stress

Cited by 2 publications

References 23 publications

Can restoration of fire‐dependent ecosystems reduce ticks and tick‐borne disease prevalence in the eastern United States?

Can restoration of fire‐dependent ecosystems reduce ticks and tick‐borne disease prevalence in the eastern United States?

Short day-triggered quiescence promotes water conservation in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis

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