Enhanced Antiobesity Efficacy of Tryptophan Using the Nanoformulation of Dendropanax morbifera Extract Mediated with ZnO Nanoparticle

Abstract

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles from medicinal plants has provided a broad scope in biomedical research and functional food formulations due to low toxicity. Dendropanax morbifera (DM) is a versatile traditional medicine used for various inflammatory diseases due to its extensive antioxidant activity. We investigated DM as a natural capping agent for Zn2+ ions and coloaded it with tryptophan for its penetration and antiobesity behavior. DM zinc oxide nanoparticles (DM-ZnO NPs) were prepared and then entrapped with tryptophan (DM-ZnO-Try nanoemulsion (NE)) for stable formulation using the O/W nanoemulsion method. The hydrodynamic sizes measured by dynamic light scattering for DM-ZnO NPs and DM-ZnO-Try NE are about 146.26 ± 3.31 and 151.16 ± 3.59 nm, respectively. TEM and SEM reveal its morphology. In vitro analysis on both NPs and NE was non-toxic to RAW 264.7 and 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line. It significantly reduced the accumulated lipids through lipolysis performed at 10 ug/mL in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells. NE suppresses the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and lowers triglycerides. Further, the substantial reduction of lipid content is evident with Oil Red O staining and OD measurement. In this present study, the synergetic effect of DM-ZnO NPs and tryptophan is reported, which provides a way for more detailed research on its efficacy for obesity and obesity-associated disorders.

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of Copper Oxide Nanostructures Derived from Garcinia mangostana L. Leaf Extract

“…The higher the calcination temperature, the larger the particle size [ 77 ] as the mangosteen leaf extract-mediated CuO NPs average particle size was increased from 50.0 nm to 458.3 nm at elevated calcination temperature. The synthesized CuO NPs were agglomerated due to high surface energy, surface area, surface tension, surface reactivity [ 2 , 9 , 22 , 74 , 83 , 84 ], the viscous nature of plant extract [ 24 ], attraction among the NPs [ 30 , 74 , 85 ] and oxidation of metal oxide NPs [ 42 ]. Isotropic aggregation usually leads to the formation of a spherical shape, and this aggregation occurs at the isoelectric point region [ 81 ].…”

“…Isotropic aggregation usually leads to the formation of a spherical shape, and this aggregation occurs at the isoelectric point region [ 81 ]. As a result, the synthesized NPs stick strongly together with considerable affinities to form asymmetrical clusters [ 84 ], more or less in spherical shape with rough surface [ 34 , 81 ]. Thus, quasi-spherical (400 °C) and spherical shapes (500 °C) were observed in synthesized CuO NPs.…”

Impact of Diverse Parameters on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide–Copper Oxide Nanocomposites Derived from an Aqueous Extract of Garcinia mangostana L. Leaf

“…Agglomerated spherical nanostructures were observed in mangosteen leaf aqueous extract-mediated ZnO-CuO, as depicted in Figure 5. This can be attributed to several factors, including the high viscosity of the plant extract [49], the surface physicochemical characteristics [50][51][52][53], the strong forces of attraction between particles [44,54], and the oxidation of metal oxide NPs or NCs [55]. The agglomeration of ZnO-CuO NCs was also influenced by the reduction of salt precursors to zinc and copper ion nucleation mediated by the mangosteen leaf aqueous extract, indicating their role as capping and reducing agents during the formation of ZnO-CuO NCs [43].…”

“…The formation of spherical nanostructures (0.05 g/mL) progressively occurred with increasing concentrations of mangosteen leaf aqueous extract, transitioning from irregular nanostructures at low concentrations (0.02 g/mL) of leaf aqueous extract. This may be due to greater isotropic aggregation at the isoelectric point, resulting in strong particle cohesion and the formation of nearly spherical structures [53,56,57] accompanied by the coarsening and coalescence of the NCs [9,11].…”

Discrimination of Dendropanax morbifera via HPLC fingerprinting and SNP analysis and its impact on obesity by modulating adipogenesis- and thermogenesis-related genes

“…The synergic effect of both PPARγ and UCP1 is crucial in managing obesity and related diseases. Therefore, we used rosiglitazone (36) and resveratrol (37) showed higher binding affinity than did the positive controls resveratrol and rosiglitazone having binding energies of −6.9 and −7.5 kcal/mol. Rutin and CGA formed four hydrogen bonds with GLU259, CYS285, SER342, ILE262, TYR327, SER289, CYS285, and SER342 residues.…”