Enhanced arcing as a function of organic exposure and arc current for Pd and Pd/Ag electrodes

Gray, Eoin W.; Pharney, Julian R.

doi:10.1063/1.325974

Cited by 10 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 9 publications

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“…As stated in the references [42] and [43], the activation caused by organic vapor also affects the arc behavior and material transfer. The activation of Pd contacts is observed due to the existance of contamination films caused by carbon and oxygen (Fig.…”

Section: (D) At 4 Amentioning

confidence: 97%

Contact erosion patterns of Pd material in DC breaking arcs

Chen

Mizukoshi

Sawa

1994

IEEE Trans. Comp., Packag., Manufact. Technol. A

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Arc erosion patterns of pure Pd contacts tested with switching inductive load at 20 V, 1 -4 A were determined by means of the SEM, and material transfer was measured with electronic balance. Three types of erosion patterns were observed at the different load current regions. First, the distributed craters occurred on the anode and scattered redeposited mounds surrounded by sprayed particles on the cathode when the current was less than about 2.5 A, which we called a critical transition current because it demonstrates the change of metal transfer direction. Second, if the current was larger than the critical current value, pips occurred on the anode and craters on the cathode. Third, when the current was around the critical current value, pips and craters coexisted either on the cathode or on the anode. The behaviors of electrical contact resistance and arc duration in metallic phase and gaseous phase at different load current are reported. The particle sputtering-depositing model is presented and used to explain the mechanism of material transfer process and the formation of erosion patterns. The material transfer direction is affected by an arc duration of metallic phase as well as gaseous phase. The electrical contact resistance not only depends on the surface films and surface morphology, but also is influenced by the particle sputtering.

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Section: (D) At 4 Amentioning

confidence: 97%

Contact erosion patterns of Pd material in DC breaking arcs

Chen

Mizukoshi

Sawa

1994

IEEE Trans. Comp., Packag., Manufact. Technol. A

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Some characteristics of Pd electrical contacts mounted on relays that make and break a dc 30‐v, 10‐a resistive circuit

Kubono

1991

Electron Comm Jpn Pt II

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A description of some of the measured characteristics of palladium switching contacts mounted on miniature relays is presented. For 100,000 switching operations of Pd contacts in the dc 30‐V, 10‐A resistive circuit, we measure the duration of each closing and opening are at each switching, the contact resistance at each closure, the temperature of supporting arm nearby the stationary contact, the number of bouncing at each closure, and the number of switching actions with normal switching functions. Then we compare the data with those data on Ag, AgCdO12 wt% and AgSnO29.3 wt% contacts. On contacts with duty‐making current, closing‐arc duration is very short and the amount of metal transfer is very small. On contacts with duty‐breaking current and those with both making and breaking duty, the large amounts of metal transfer that result will create a large pip and a deep crater on each contact pair. These large pips, deep craters, and the palladium oxide of true contact area influenced greatly each characteristic. Therefore, an obvious difference did not appear between each characteristic in nonpunched contacts and those in punched contacts. After several thousand switching operations, the real contact area consists of a large pip and a crater with a whitish surface; this contact area is made by metal transfer and is made of palladium oxide. It is discussed here that these large oxidized palladium pips and craters influence greatly arc duration, contact resistance, contact sticking, and shortening of the closing‐arc duration simultaneously with an increase in the number of switching operations.

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Some characteristics of switching contacts riveted on the tips of both supporting arms arranged partially in parallel

Kubono

Mogami

1994

Electron Comm Jpn Pt II

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To a relay with supporting arms in which only the tips with electrical contacts are parallel, AgCdO electrical contacts with Au flash are installed as a normally open contact pair. Within the circuit with dc 30 V ‐ 10 A and a resistive load, it is used as the make‐only, the break‐only, and the make‐and‐break contact pair. the electrical characteristics at each make and break and the contact surface damage after 100 thousand operations were measured. In the sample electrical contact pair with the tips of supporting arms in parallel, it is demonstrated by experiments that arc damages (roughness and black and brown contaminant) occur at the center of the contact surface. The arc trace at the make‐only electrical contact is the narrowest in comparison with two other switching operations and is a milky metallic color surface with many infinitesimal irregularities. In the case of the break‐only and make‐and‐break contacts, large irregularities exist at the center of one of the electrode surfaces. A thick black and brown contaminant exists in this part and surroundings. Also, contact sticking occurred in all samples of make‐only contacts but not in the break‐only contacts. The black and brown contaminant between the contact surfaces prevents locking and increases the contact resistance and the variation width so that they cause a longer duration in the breaking arc.

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Enhanced arcing as a function of organic exposure and arc current for Pd and Pd/Ag electrodes

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Contact erosion patterns of Pd material in DC breaking arcs

Contact erosion patterns of Pd material in DC breaking arcs

Some characteristics of Pd electrical contacts mounted on relays that make and break a dc 30‐v, 10‐a resistive circuit

Some characteristics of switching contacts riveted on the tips of both supporting arms arranged partially in parallel

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