Steel slag was used as a low‐cost feedstock to prepare CaO‐based sorbents for CO2 capture by acidification treatment, and the acidification process was optimized. Four main acidification parameters (i.e., extraction time, extraction temperature, acetic acid concentration, and solid/liquid ratio) were investigated. The solid/liquid ratio and extraction time are the most important factors that affect the CO2 capture capacity and stability of the sorbents. The CO2 sorption performance of optimal steel‐slag‐derived sorbent is more stable than that of naturally occurring limestone, due to the low Si/Ca ratio and the presence of MgO with high anti‐sintering ability. CaO‐based pellets with high resistance to attrition and compression were produced by extrusion of the steel‐slag‐derived sorbent powders.