“…As shown in Figure 4a,b, the O 1s spectrum is divided into four components, namely bulk O 2− (O lattice ) located at ≈528.7 eV, perovskite lattice termination at≈529.5 eV, surface oxygen species (O surface ) at ≈531.2 eV and surface adsorbed oxygen species (O surface ) at ≈533.6 eV. [39,40] Table 1 reveals that the surface oxygen/lattice oxygen ratio of B-LSM is 2.73, which is more than that of A-LSM (1.26), which indicates that the surface of B-LSM has absorbed more oxygen species, for example H 2 O and CO 2 . Moreover, as shown in Figure 4a,b, and Figure S17, Supporting Information, the O 1s XPS peak of B-LSM for the perovskite lattice termination also shifts to high energy, indicating the presence of more active lattice oxygen (O 2−x ) in B-LSM.…”