“…To date, several physical, chemical, and biological treatment techniques have been suggested and have attracted the attention of researchers to effectively remove heavy metal ions from wastewater using methods such as electrocoagulation, electrochemical, 17 membrane filtration, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, 18 solvent extraction, reverse osmosis 19 and adsorption. Unfortunately, these methods have certain drawbacks related to low removal efficiency, high costs, reuse difficulties, high-energy requirements, expensive equipment, and low selectivity.…”