Enhanced corticobulbar excitability in chronic smokers during visual exposure to cigarette smoking cues

Vicario, Carmelo M.; Komeilipoor, Naeem; Cesari, Paola; Rafal, Robert D.; Nitsche, Michael A.

doi:10.1503/jpn.130086

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In those conditions, increased tongue MEPs was found. Although preliminary, the report of Vicario et al (2014) and the present study suggest that changes in the excitability of the tM1 cortico-hypoglossal pathway may reflect a somatomotor marker of oral approach/avoidance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 39%

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Pictures of disgusting foods and disgusted facial expressions suppress the tongue motor cortex

Vicario

Rafal

Borgomaneri

et al. 2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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The tongue holds a unique role in gustatory disgust. However, it is unclear whether the tongue representation in the motor cortex (tM1) is affected by the sight of distaste-related stimuli. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in healthy humans, we recorded tongue motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as an index of tM1 cortico-hypoglossal excitability. MEPs were recorded while participants viewed pictures associated with gustatory disgust and revulsion (i.e. rotten foods and faces expressing distaste), non-oral-related disgusting stimuli (i.e. invertebrates like worms) and control stimuli. We found that oral-related disgust pictures suppressed tM1 cortico-hypoglossal output. This tM1 suppression was predicted by interindividual differences in disgust sensitivity. No similar suppression was found for disgusting invertebrates or when MEPs were recorded from a control muscle. These findings suggest that revulsion-eliciting food pictures trigger anticipatory inhibition mechanisms, possibly preventing toxin swallowing and contamination. A similar suppression is elicited when viewing distaste expressions, suggesting vicarious motor inhibition during social perception of disgust. Our study suggests an avoidant-defensive mechanism in human cortico-hypoglossal circuits and its ‘resonant’ activation in the vicarious experience of others’ distaste. These findings support a role for the motor system in emotion-driven motor anticipation and social cognition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 39%

“…Two different electrodes montages were used for recording MEPs from the target (tongue) and control (ECR) muscles ( Komeilipoor et al , 2014 ; Vicario et al , 2014 ). For the tongue, we used Ag-AgCl electrodes (1 cm diameter) mounted on a 1 × 1 cm plastic plate and fixed on a metal clip device ( Sato et al , 2010 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pictures of disgusting foods and disgusted facial expressions suppress the tongue motor cortex

Vicario

Rafal

Borgomaneri

et al. 2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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“…Neither resting motor threshold (rMT) nor active motor threshold measured at the periphery appears to be sensitive to acute (Orth et al, 2005;Grundey et al, 2012aGrundey et al, , 2013 or chronic (Orth et al, 2005;Lang et al, 2008;Grundey et al, 2012a;Strube et al, 2015) nicotine usage. rMT measured at the tongue, evaluating corticobulbar rather than corticospinal excitability, did find that chronic smokers had lower motor thresholds (Vicario et al, 2014). Evidence for changes in the recruitment curve is mixed, with chronic smokers showing greater MEPs at 150% of rMT (Grundey et al, 2013), but not 130% (Lang et al, 2008).…”

Section: Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tomentioning

confidence: 95%

Modulating Neural Circuits with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Implications for Addiction Treatment Development

2018

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Although the last 50 years of clinical and preclinical research have demonstrated that addiction is a brain disease, we still have no neural circuit-based treatments for substance dependence or cue reactivity at large. Now, for the first time, it appears that a noninvasive brain stimulation technique known as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which is Food and Drug Administration approved to treat depression, may be the first tool available to fill this critical void in addiction treatment development. The goals of this review are to 1) introduce TMS as a tool to induce causal change in behavior, cortical excitability, and frontal-striatal activity; 2) describe repetitive TMS (rTMS) as an interventional tool; 3) provide an overview of the studies that have evaluated rTMS as a therapeutic tool for alcohol and drug use disorders; and 4) outline a conceptual framework for target selection when designing future rTMS clinical trials in substance use disorders. The manuscript concludes with some suggestions for methodological innovation, specifically with regard to combining rTMS with pharmacotherapy as well as cognitive behavioral training paradigms. We have attempted to create a comprehensive manuscript that provides the reader with a basic set of knowledge and an introduction to the primary experimental questions that will likely drive the field of TMS treatment development forward for the next several years.

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“…For instance, Kornreich et al (2003) proposed that the origin of this deficit might be due to the chronic abuse of drugs, which might cause deleterious effects on brain functions involved in decoding facial expressions. This suggestion appears likely, given the evidence of the impaired activity of several key regions for emotion (and reward) processing such as the insula, the cingulate cortex, and the amygdale in addicts ( Naqvi & Bechara, 2009 ; Di Chiara et al, 1999 ; Vicario et al, 2014 ). However, these dysfunctions should not be conceived as separate from alexithymia, rather as possible neural substrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired emotion recognition is linked to alexithymia in heroin addicts

Craparo

Gori

Dell’Aera³

et al. 2016

PeerJ

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Several investigations document altered emotion processing in opiate addiction. Nevertheless, the origin of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here we examined the role of alexithymia in the ability (i.e., number of errors—accuracy and reaction times—RTs) of thirty-one heroin addicts and thirty-one healthy controls to detect several affective expressions. Results show generally lower accuracy and higher RTs in the recognition of facial expressions of emotions for patients, compared to controls. The hierarchical multivariate regression analysis shows that alexithymia might be responsible of the between groups difference with respect to the RTs in emotion detection. Overall, we provide new insights in the clinical interpretation of affective deficits in heroin addicts suggesting a role of alexithymia in their ability to recognize emotions.

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Enhanced corticobulbar excitability in chronic smokers during visual exposure to cigarette smoking cues

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Pictures of disgusting foods and disgusted facial expressions suppress the tongue motor cortex

Pictures of disgusting foods and disgusted facial expressions suppress the tongue motor cortex

Modulating Neural Circuits with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Implications for Addiction Treatment Development

Impaired emotion recognition is linked to alexithymia in heroin addicts

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