Enhanced Degradation of 3-Nitropropanol by Ruminal Microorganisms

Majak, W.; Cheng, Kwai Wa; Hall, John W.

doi:10.2527/jas1986.6241072x

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Thus, bacteria represented by strain NPOH 1 could be of particular importance in the acquisition of tolerance by animals eating poisonous forage such as milk vetch. Furthermore, enhanced rates of 3-nitropropanol metabolism observed when cattle were supplemented with nitroethane, a nontoxic analog of 3-nitropropanol (Majak 1992;Majak et al 1986), may have been due to increased numbers of bacteria like strain NPOH 1. Evidence indicates 3-nitropropanol-metabolizing microbes were present at approximately lo4 cells/mL in rumen fluid collected from a cow that had no known exposure to poisonous vetchs (Anderson et al 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stock solutions of nitrobenzene, miserotoxin (3-nitro-1 -propyl-0-D-glucopy ranoside), and all nitroalkanes except nitroethane were prepared with water. Nitroethane was prepared as a sodium salt in phosphate buffer as described by Majak et al (1986). Stock solutions of all other electron acceptors were prepared in water using sodium salts.…”

Section: Media and Culture Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of a nitropropanol-metabolizing bacterium isolated from the rumen

Anderson¹,

Rasmussen²,

DiSpirito³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Microbiol.

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We report some characteristics of a ruminal bacterium (strain NPOH1) that metabolizes 3-nitropropanol, the toxic principle of various milk vetchs that are distributed worldwide. The gram-positive bacterium was nonmotile and did not produce spores. Growth of strain NPOH1 occurred under anaerobic conditions and was supported by the electron acceptors 3-nitropropanol, 3-nitropropionate, nitrate, 2-nitropropanol, nitroethane, nitroethanol, or 3-nitro-1-propyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (miserotoxin). Other potential electron acceptors, namely sulfate, sulfite, azide, chlorate, perchlorate, nitrite, fumarate, 2-nitrobutane, or nitrobenzene, did not support growth. Formate, lactate, and H2 stimulated growth of strain NPOH1 in the presence of the appropriate nitrocompound, whereas a variety of other potential H2 donors did not. When grown in medium containing both nitrate and either 3-nitropropanol or 3-nitropropionate, nitrate was the preferred acceptor. Strain NPOH1 reduced nitrate to nitrite and, when grown with excess reductant, nitrite was further reduced to ammonia. The products formed during the metabolism of 3-nitropropanol and 3-nitropropionate by mixed ruminal populations, 3-aminopropanol and beta-alanine, were not found in culture fluids of strain NPOH1. Analysis of total cellular fatty acid profiles and of the mole percent guanine plus cytosine suggests that strain NPOH1 is a novel bacterium. The capacity of strain NPOH1 to metabolize 3-nitropropanol suggests that this organism may play an important role in detoxification of 3-nitropropanol in the rumen.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Media and Culture Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of a nitropropanol-metabolizing bacterium isolated from the rumen

Anderson¹,

Rasmussen²,

DiSpirito³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Microbiol.

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“…In order to enhance our ability to measure the effects of preconditioning, ECP was fed as above at half the established minimum efficacious dose . Nitroethane was added as the sodium salt (Majak et al, 1986) which was prepared fresh daily. Pigs were orally challenged 6 days before initiation of preconditioning with 10.3 log 10 colony forming units (CFU) of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (NVSL 95-1776) made resistant to novobiocin and naladixic acid (Anderson et al, 2001).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Level Nitrate or Nitroethane Preconditioning Enhances the Bactericidal Effect of Suboptimal Experimental Chlorate Treatment AgainstEscherichia coliandSalmonellaTyphimurium but NotCampylobacterin Swine

Anderson

Genovese

McReynolds

et al. 2006

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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An experimental chlorate product that targets the respiratory nitrate reductase enzyme of bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli has shown promising results in reducing concentrations of these bacteria in the gut of food animals. Because expression of the target enzyme is induced by nitrate, we administered short-duration, low level nitrate or nitroethane preconditioning treatments to finishing swine to see if these would enhance the ability of an experimental chlorate product to kill these bacteria. Results from these studies showed that preconditioning the gut microflora of swine with low levels of nitrate or nitrocompounds enhanced (more than tenfold) the ability of the chlorate product to kill Salmonella and E. coli, but not Campylobacter. Further studies are needed before these compounds can be fed as feed additives to animals, although it is likely that nitrate preconditioning may be more near to market than the nitrocompounds, which may require more comprehensive review by regulatory authorities.

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“…Earlier results showed that diet variation can produce a sixfold difference in microbial rates of detoxification (Majak et al 1982 (Gescher 1990;Conaway et al 1991), has also provided a practical approach for the enhancement of nitropropanol degradation by rumen bacteria (Majak et al 1986 (Majak et al 1982).…”

Section: Canadian Jolrnal Of Animal Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fluid was always collected at 09:00 h, before the morning feeding. Details on the anaerobic in vitro procedures and spectrophotometric methods of analysis were described previously (Majak et al 1982(Majak et al . 1986).…”

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confidence: 99%

Further enhancement of 3-nitropropanol detoxification by ruminal bacteria in cattle

Majak¹

1992

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Majak, W. 1992. Further enhancement of 3-nitropropanol detoxification by ruminal bacteria in catile. Can. J. Anim. . Ruminal fluid obtained from cattle was used to determine the effects of different diets and supplements on the in vitro degradation of 3-nitropropanol, the miserotoxin aglycone of certatn Astragalus species such as timber milkvetch (Leguminosae). Nitroethane, an analog of the aglycone that is much less toxic to mammals, was effective as a supplement when given onllternate days. It enhanced the in vitro rates of nitropropanol degradation in all experiments, bv 70-110% .In asreement, daily doses of timber milkvetch at a level equivalent to 3 mg nitropropanol tg-1 UoOy weight*also enhanced nitropropanol degradation, suggesting an adaptation to the_alip_hatic nitro group by ruminal bacteria. The forage protein content appears to contribute to the microbial efhcacy and this wis verified when diets were supplemented with soybean meal. The protein supplement increased nitropropanol degradation by 37-44% and, as expected, it also promoted cellulose digestion in vitro.The effect of nitroethane supplementation on the absorption of nitropropanol from the rumen was examined when treated and control groups were challenged with timber milkvetch. Plasma levels of 3-nitropropionic acid, the oxidized form of nitropropanol which is detected in the blood, were significantly reduced in response to nitroethane supplementation, and rates of nitropropanol degradation by ruminal microbes were concomitantly enhanced. These combined results further elucidate the factors that control and contribute to nitropropanol detoxification and suggest possible methods ofprevention of timber milkvetch poisoning under rangeland conditions. where it is detected in the oxidized-form as 3-nitropropionic acid (Pass et al. 1984(Pass et al. , 1985 MATERIALS AND METHODS GeneralThe rumen-fistulated cattle in these studies were predominantly Jersey and Hereford steers. The studies were conducted during 1987-1990 were maintained on a test diet for at least 2 wk before strained ruminal fluid was obtained for in vitro incubations with nitropropanol (2 mM). The fluid was always collected at 09:00 h, before the morning feeding. Details on the anaerobic in vitro procedures and spectrophotometric methods of analysis were described previously (Majak et al. 1982(Majak et al. . 1986). Since the incubation times were short (2-4 h), the dilution of rumen fluid with artificial saliva (1: 1) was discontinued in these studies.

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Enhanced Degradation of 3-Nitropropanol by Ruminal Microorganisms

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Characteristics of a nitropropanol-metabolizing bacterium isolated from the rumen

Characteristics of a nitropropanol-metabolizing bacterium isolated from the rumen

Low Level Nitrate or Nitroethane Preconditioning Enhances the Bactericidal Effect of Suboptimal Experimental Chlorate Treatment AgainstEscherichia coliandSalmonellaTyphimurium but NotCampylobacterin Swine

Further enhancement of 3-nitropropanol detoxification by ruminal bacteria in cattle

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