Enhanced Doxorubicin Delivery in Folate-Overexpressed Breast Cancer Cells Using Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres

Abstract

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery reveals the safety and effectiveness and avoids premature drug release from the nanocarrier. These nanoparticles improve the bioavailability and stability of the drug against chemical and enzymatic degradation and facilitate targeted drug delivery. Herein, targeted folic acid-conjugated oxidized mesoporous carbon nanospheres (Ox-MPCNPs) were successfully fabricated and developed as antitumoral doxorubicin delivery for targeted breast cancer therapy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies confirmed that the doxorubicin was successfully bound on the Ox-MPCNP through hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the synthesized doxorubicin-loaded Ox-MPCNP is semi-crystalline. The surface morphology of the synthesized doxorubicin-loaded Ox-MPCNP (DOX/Ox-MPCNP-Cys-PAsp-FA) was studied by scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, which demonstrates a sphere-shaped morphology. The cytotoxic effects of DOX/Ox-MPCNP-Cys-PAsp-FA were studied in MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the CytoTox96 assay kit. The study confirmed the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized nanospheres in vitro . Moreover, DOX/Ox-MPCNP-Cys-PAsp-FA-treated cells displayed efficient cell apoptosis and cell death in flow cytometry analysis. The mitochondrial fragmentation and nucleus damages were further confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Thus, the approach used to construct the DOX/Ox-MPCNP-Cys-PAsp-FA carrier provides excellent opportunities for the targeted treatment of breast cancer.

Pectin Nanoporous Structures Prepared via Salt-Induced Phase Separation and Ambient Azeotropic Evaporation Processes

“…Alternatively, Ar or CO 2 gases with relatively high temperature and pressure can be used to probe extremely small micropores, but they are not suitable for measuring the pore size of materials with polar groups on the surface because they have a larger quadrupolar moment than N 2 . 70, 71 Therefore, further research on specific surface area measurement and calculation methods is ongoing in order to address this issue. 58,67,73−79 Despite the issues with the measurements, the pectin xerogels prepared in this study had greater specific surface areas than those reported in the literature (Table 2).…”

“…The BJH desorption average pore diameter was 8.636 nm, and Figure F clearly shows a peak in the mesopore range. It should be noted that the BJH approach to estimate pore size can significantly underestimate pore size, reducing pore size by up to 10–30%, − due to the sensitivity of nitrogen to the chemistry of the adsorbent surface. Alternatively, Ar or CO 2 gases with relatively high temperature and pressure can be used to probe extremely small micropores, but they are not suitable for measuring the pore size of materials with polar groups on the surface because they have a larger quadrupolar moment than N 2 . , Therefore, further research on specific surface area measurement and calculation methods is ongoing in order to address this issue. ,,− Despite the issues with the measurements, the pectin xerogels prepared in this study had greater specific surface areas than those reported in the literature (Table ).…”

“…It should be noted that the BJH approach to estimate pore size can significantly underestimate pore size, reducing pore size by up to 10–30%, − due to the sensitivity of nitrogen to the chemistry of the adsorbent surface. Alternatively, Ar or CO 2 gases with relatively high temperature and pressure can be used to probe extremely small micropores, but they are not suitable for measuring the pore size of materials with polar groups on the surface because they have a larger quadrupolar moment than N 2 . , Therefore, further research on specific surface area measurement and calculation methods is ongoing in order to address this issue. ,,− Despite the issues with the measurements, the pectin xerogels prepared in this study had greater specific surface areas than those reported in the literature (Table ). In particular, the porous pectin structure obtained by drying after calcium cross-linking and solvent exchange with ethanol had a high specific surface area of 362 m 2 /g in the case of the aerogel, but a lower value of 10–20 m 2 /g in the cryogel form, and the value of the xerogel was too low to measure .…”

An inquisitive search for Bhasma (A herbo-mineral Ayurveda medicine) as a drug delivery vehicle candidate.

“…The entrapment, and encapsulation of RF and INH in AuNPs, AuNPs/CS-g-PMDA-CYS (AuNP + Cs), and InGPs, InGPs/CS-g-PMDA-CYS (InGP + Cs) was measured by separately dissolving 10 mg each of them in 50 mL phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) (pH 7.4) comprising ethanol 5% v/v under vigorous agitation for 24 h. UV-Visible-spectroscopy of the supernatant solution was done at wavelengths 473 and 269 for calculating the free amount of RF and INH at different time intervals. The entrapment and encapsulation were determined by utilization of the following equation [10] For the in vitro drug release analysis, 30 mg of AuNPs/RF/INH, AuNPs + Cs/RF/INH, InGPs/RF/INH, and InGPs + Cs/RF/INH were immersed in phosphate-buffered salines (PBS, 10mL, pHs ∼5.5) and constantly agitated (80 rpm) at 37°C. At various time intervals, 3 mL of the release medium was withdrawn and analyzed by using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy (Shimadzu 1800, Kyoto, Japan) at a wavelength of 473 and 269nm for RF and INH, respectively.…”

QbD-Assisted Development and Optimization of Doxycycline Hyclate- and Hydroxyapatite-Loaded Nanoparticles for Periodontal Delivery

“…Another approach adopted to have better therapeutic potential is the exploration of nanotechnology. , Nanoparticles have some advantages such as larger surface areas and higher penetrability than other granular bone repair materials. Nanoparticles with a uniform morphology also ensure improved site-specific or localized delivery. − Also, the literature suggests that the combination of doxy and HAP attenuates the progression of peri-implantitis . Andrei et al assessed the immunomodulatory effect of nano-HAP and doxycycline-loaded nanofibers in an animal model and reported effective improvements in clinical parameters .…”