“…Metal oxides have gained significant interest as anode materials for LIBs due to their high theoretical specific capacities, which have the potential to deliver higher energy storage capacities compared to those of traditional graphite anodes. Tin oxides (SnO 2 , SnO, Sn 2 O 3 , Sn 3 O 4 ) 7 , 8 tin oxide/iron composite (SnO–Sn 2 Fe), 9 titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), 10 iron oxides (Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 ), 11 nickel oxide (NiO), 12 bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ), 13 antimony oxides (Sb 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 4 ), 14 manganese oxides (Mn 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 , MnO 2 ), 15 niobium oxides (Nb 2 O 5 , NbO 2 ), 16 titanium niobium oxide (TNO), 17 tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), 18 etc., have been explored as an anode in LIBs. In addition, perovskite oxides (ABO 3 ) exhibit a range of properties, including a high dielectric constant, elevated polarization, and piezoelectricity, rendering them suitable for various applications, such as high-energy storage, memory, sensors, etc.…”