Enhanced electrochemical performance of nanomilling Co2SnO4/C materials for lithium ion batteries

Abstract

Amorphous and crystalline hybrid structure Co 2 SnO 4 /C composites have been prepared by a facile way using coprecipitation process and high-energy ball milling technology. Electrochemical performance tests show that the composite anodes could maintain reversible capacity of higher than 550 mAh g −1 up to 100 cycles, much better than that of pure Co 2 SnO 4 (194.1 mAh g −1 ). These materials also present better rate performance with fairly stable capacity retention when the current ranges from 100 to 500 mA g −1 . Impedance measurements confirm that these composites are more beneficial for lithium diffusion compared to pure Co 2 SnO 4 . The graphite carbon not only buffers the volume expansion-related cracking but also provides excellent conductivity for this material.

Leveraging valuable synergies by combining alloying and conversion for lithium-ion anodes

“…At present, mainly two different compounds were studied: TM 2 SnO 4 (with TM = Co, [175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182] Ni, 183 or Mn 182,184,185 ) and TMSnO 3 (with TM = Co [186][187][188][189][190] or Ni 191,192 ). Depending on the comprised TM, spinel-structured TM 2 SnO 4 and (frequently amorphous) TMSnO 3 offer specific capacities exceeding 1100 mA h g À1 and 1200 mA h g À1 , respectively (see Table 1), when considering the second step of the following reaction mechanism as fully reversible:…”

“…As a matter of fact, the advantageous lithium storage capability of Sn compared to Zn is accompanied by a disadvantageous augmented volume variation. 181 It is interesting to note that, as a result, initially the conversion reaction (occurring at relatively higher voltages) becomes less reversible, later on followed by the alloying reaction. 180,190 This observation may be interpreted by a more pronounced sensitivity of the conversion reaction towards dramatic volume changes, which assumedly lead to the breakdown of the continuous, percolating electron conducting network.…”

Advanced High Energy Density Secondary Batteries with Multi‐Electron Reaction Materials

“…[ 160 ] Very recently, Co 2 SnO 4 /C composites with a mixed amorphous and crystalline structure were prepared for the fi rst time, using a stepwise synthesis technique based on high-energy ball milling, and showed better capacity retention and rate performance. [ 161 ] Additionally, CoSnO 3 @C nanoboxes synthesized by thermal annealing have exhibited exceptional long-term cycling stability over 400 cycles for highly reversible lithium storage. [ 162 ] Of particular note, mixed transition metal oxides with a spinel structure like ZnM 2 O 4 (M = Co, Fe) and CdFe 2 O 4 are another kind of oxide that has been exploited for both alloying and de-alloying and conversion reactions.…”

“…However, pure cubic spinel Co 2 SnO 4 (1105 mAh g −1 ) suffers from particle agglomeration and severe volumetric changes that result in poor cyclability . Very recently, Co 2 SnO 4 /C composites with a mixed amorphous and crystalline structure were prepared for the first time, using a stepwise synthesis technique based on high‐energy ball milling, and showed better capacity retention and rate performance . Additionally, CoSnO 3 @C nanoboxes synthesized by thermal annealing have exhibited exceptional long‐term cycling stability over 400 cycles for highly reversible lithium storage …”

A High Power Carbon/LiM<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> Hybrid Cathode for Non-Aqueous Li-O<sub>2</sub> Battery

“…The non-aqueousLi-air (Li-O 2 ) batteries have attracted great attention owing to the highest theoretical specific energy (3505 Wh•kg −1 ) among various energy storage systems [1] [2] [3]. However, the development of Li-O 2 batteries is largely lagged by low round-trip efficiency [4] [5] [6] [7] (caused by decomposition of non-aqueous electrolyte and carbon based oxygen electrode), short cycle life [8] [9] [10] (caused by non-recovery of reaction surface/interface), and poor power capability [11] [12] [13] (caused by low kinetics of electron, Li + and O 2 transport) during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER).…”