Enhanced Expression and Activation of the Alternative Oxidase during Infection of Arabidopsis with<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv tomato1

Simons, Bert H.; Millenaar, Frank F.; Mulder, Lonneke; Loon, L.C. van; Lambers, Hans

doi:10.1104/pp.120.2.529

Cited by 162 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 50 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

105

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It has also been shown with the Arabidopsis etr1-1 mutant that AOX activation is ET dependent (Simons et al, 1999). The AOX gene is also induced by H 2 O 2 (Robson and Vanlerberghe, 2002).…”

Section: Transformation Of Arabidopsis Etr1-1 Allele Causes Strong Etmentioning

confidence: 82%

Ethylene Insensitivity Modulates Ozone-Induced Cell Death in Birch

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We have used genotypic variation in birch (Betula pendula Roth) to investigate the roles of ozone (O 3 )-induced ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid in the regulation of tissue tolerance to O 3 . Of these hormones, ET evolution correlated best with O 3 -induced cell death. Disruption of ET perception by transformation of birch with the dominant negative mutant allele etr1-1 of the Arabidopsis ET receptor gene ETR1 or blocking of ET perception with 1-methylcyclopropene reduced but did not completely prevent the O 3 -induced cell death, when inhibition of ET biosynthesis with aminooxyacetic acid completely abolished O 3 lesion formation. This suggests the presence of an ET-signaling-independent but ET biosynthesis-dependent component in the ET-mediated stimulation of cell death in O 3 -exposed birch. Functional ET signaling was required for the O 3 induction of the gene encoding ␤-cyanoalanine synthase, which catalyzes detoxification of the cyanide formed during ET biosynthesis. The results suggest that functional ET signaling is required to protect birch from the O 3 -induced cell death and that a decrease in ET sensitivity together with a simultaneous, high ET biosynthesis can potentially cause cell death through a deficient detoxification of cyanide.The concentration of tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) has increased during the past decades due to human activities, and it has been estimated that in year 2100, 50% of global forest area will be exposed to potentially phytotoxic O 3 concentrations (Fowler et al., 1999). In the leaves of O 3 -sensitive plants, symptoms of high O 3 are observed as rapid lesion formation. Traditionally, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide (O 2 ⅐ Ϫ ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) from the degradation of O 3 in the apoplast has been thought to alter the integrity of the plasma membrane and thus the integrity of the cell (Laisk et al., 1989; Heath, 1994). However, O 3 also induces an active and controlled apoplastic oxidative burst, the production of O 2 ⅐ Ϫ and H 2 O 2 in the leaves affected, which may initiate programmed cell death analogous to that induced by ROS in an incompatible plant-pathogen interaction (Schraudner et al., 1998;Pellinen et al., 1999Pellinen et al., , 2002Overmyer et al., 2000; Moeder et al., 2002; Wohlgemuth et al., 2002).Activation of ethylene (ET) biosynthesis by induction of the genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) is one of the fastest and most obvious biochemical responses to O 3 and has been mechanistically linked to the regulation of O 3 lesion formation (Schlagnhaufer et al., 1997;Tuomainen et al., 1997;Vahala et al., 1998;Overmyer et al., 2000; Moeder et al., 2002). ET is perceived by a two-component His kinase receptor family (Chang et al., 1993a; Hua et al., 1995Hua et al., , 1998Sakai et al., 1998). The ET receptor can be pharmacologically blocked with a competitive inhibitor of ET action, norbornadiene, or with 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP; Serek et al., 1995), which prevents the binding ...

show abstract

Section: Transformation Of Arabidopsis Etr1-1 Allele Causes Strong Etmentioning

confidence: 82%

Ethylene Insensitivity Modulates Ozone-Induced Cell Death in Birch

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Regulated depolarization could consist of direct down-regulation of the H 1 -ATPase or be an indirect result of limited ATP availability caused by another HR process, for example, increased alternative oxidation (Simons et al, 1999) or the oxidative burst (Keppler et al, 1989). Direct down-regulation of the H 1 -ATPase could serve multiple functions.…”

Section: The Significance Of Membrane Depolarizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological Characterization of the Arabidopsis avrRpt2-Specific Hypersensitive Response in the Absence of Other Bacterial Signals

2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The hypersensitive response (HR) is defined as rapid cell collapse at the infection site and often accompanies plant resistance. The physiological processes leading to HR are not well understood. Here, we report an electrophysiological characterization of bacterial HR caused by a single avirulence gene in the absence of other bacterial signals. We used dexamethasone (dex)-inducible transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants containing the avrRpt2 gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. Membrane depolarization in these plants began 1 to 1.5 h after dex application, hours before electrolyte leakage. Progressive depolarization was a sensitive early indicator of HR that occurred only in Arabidopsis leaf cells expressing both avrRpt2 and a functional RPS2 gene. Hyperpolarization of fully depolarized membranes by fusicoccin, a fungal toxin that activates the H 1 -ATPase, indicates that depolarization did not result from a nonfunctional pump or leaky membranes. Depolarization and electrolyte leakage were inhibited in RPS2 plants by the calcium channel blocker LaCl 3 , highly correlating these events and suggesting that Ca 21 entry into cells is required for both. Also correlated were inhibition of depolarization, electrolyte leakage, and HR following salicylic acid pretreatment. In salicylic acid-pretreated RPS2 seedlings, avrRpt2 transcript was produced after dex treatment. However, AvrRpt2 protein accumulation was greatly reduced, suggesting a possible mechanism for inhibition of HR in plants with induced resistance. This experimental system is a very sensitive assay that lends itself to the dissection of physiological processes leading to HR in plants, and provides a baseline for future research within a genetic framework.Plants are resistant to infection by many pathogens. Plants expressing a resistance (R) gene rapidly initiate defense responses following contact with a pathogen that expresses a corresponding avirulence (avr) gene (Flor, 1971). Isogenic plants lacking the R gene fall prey to the pathogen. The hypersensitive response (HR), rapid cell collapse at the site of infection, is often dramatic evidence of resistance, particularly in bacteriainduced HR (Goodman and Novacky, 1994;Heath, 2000).Many defense responses associated with bacteriainduced HR have been described since Klement et al. (1964) first demonstrated the total collapse of nonhost plant leaves following infiltration of pathogenic bacteria. They include ion fluxes, increased salicylic acid (SA) production, membrane depolarization, and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene induction (Goodman and Novacky, 1994;Dangl et al., 1996; HammondKosack and Jones, 1996;Dangl and Jones, 2001). Yet, the mechanism of HR induction is not well understood.The functional significance of bacteria-induced HR also is not clear because defense responses and resistance can occur without HR. For example, systemically acquired resistance, resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens, can be induced in normally susceptible plants by pathogen infection or application o...

show abstract

“…Of the 6500 genes analyzed, nine had consistent and statistically significantly higher, and two lower basal mRNA levels in rcd1-1 in all hybridizations performed (Table 3). Two of the upregulated genes, encoding for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase and alternative oxidase (AOX1A), are regulated by ET (Simons et al, 1999;Petruzzelli et al, 2000), and three are related to carbohydrate metabolism. The two downregulated genes (RD29A/LTI78 and KIN2) are involved in cold and dehydration stress and are regulated by ABA (Nordin et al, 1993;Foster and Chua, 1999).…”

Section: Et-and Aba-regulated Genes Have Altered Expression In Rcd1-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 Belongs to the WWE Protein–Protein Interaction Domain Protein Family and Modulates Abscisic Acid, Ethylene, and Methyl Jasmonate Responses

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Experiments with several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants have revealed a web of interactions between hormonal signaling. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis mutant radical-induced cell death1 (rcd1), although hypersensitive to apoplastic superoxide and ozone, is more resistant to chloroplastic superoxide formation, exhibits reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid, ethylene, and methyl jasmonate, and has altered expression of several hormonally regulated genes. Furthermore, rcd1 has higher stomatal conductance than the wild type. The rcd1-1 mutation was mapped to the gene At1g32230 where it disrupts an intron splice site resulting in a truncated protein. RCD1 belongs to the (ADP-ribosyl)transferase domain-containing subfamily of the WWE protein-protein interaction domain protein family. The results suggest that RCD1 could act as an integrative node in hormonal signaling and in the regulation of several stress-responsive genes.

show abstract

Enhanced Expression and Activation of the Alternative Oxidase during Infection of Arabidopsis withPseudomonas syringae pv tomato1

Cited by 162 publications

References 50 publications

Ethylene Insensitivity Modulates Ozone-Induced Cell Death in Birch

Ethylene Insensitivity Modulates Ozone-Induced Cell Death in Birch

Electrophysiological Characterization of the Arabidopsis avrRpt2-Specific Hypersensitive Response in the Absence of Other Bacterial Signals

Arabidopsis RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 Belongs to the WWE Protein–Protein Interaction Domain Protein Family and Modulates Abscisic Acid, Ethylene, and Methyl Jasmonate Responses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About