Enhanced ferromagnetism by lithium doping in Sn0.95Fe0.05O2

Structural and ferromagnetic properties of Sn0.95-x(Mn0.05,Lix)O2

“…[32,33] but starting from SnO 2 (99.5 wt.%), Mn (98.0 wt.%) and LiNO 3 (99.0 wt.%) raw powders. During processing, the raw powders were first mixed and ball-milled for 24 h in de-ionized water using highly wear-resistant ZrO 2 balls as a grinding medium.…”

“…On the other hand, as Sn 0.95 Mn 0.05 O 2 has mixed valences of Mn 2þ (ionic radius: 0.67 Å), Mn 3þ (ionic radius: 0.65 Å), and Mn 4þ (ionic radius: 0.50 Å) [14,35], when Sn 4þ is substituted by Li þ , the released holes will naturally result in a valence state transition of partial Mn 2þ and Mn 3þ into Mn 4þ due to the charge reservation. This effect will also play a nontrivial role in the evolution of the lattice parameters, and hence compete with the Li-doping effect [32]. When x < 0.6, the evolution of lattice parameters induced by such valence state transition is likely to be overshadowed by the Lidoping effect, due to the low Li concentration.…”