Enhanced immune response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccine by oral administration of ginseng stem-leaf saponins

Abstract

Vaccination is an important approach to the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). This study evaluated the effect of oral administration of ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) on the immune response to FMD vaccine and the gut mucosal immunity in mice. In experiment 1, mice were orally administered GSLS or not treated as a control. The animals were then immunized twice with FMD vaccine. Blood was sampled weekly within five weeks after the boost immunization for measurement of serum IgG and the isotypes. In experiment 2, mice were orally administrated GSLS or not treated as a control. After that, splenocytes were prepared from sacrificed mice for lymphocyte proliferation assay and intestinal tissues were sampled for immunohistochemistry and histological examination. The results showed that oral administration of GSLS significantly enhanced serum IgG and the isotype responses to FMD vaccine as well as the number of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and immunoglobulin A (IgA)+ cells. Therefore, GSLS may be a potent oral adjuvant and deserve further study to improve vaccination in susceptible animals.

Ginseng stem‐leaf saponins in combination with selenium enhance immune responses to an attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine

“…[5][6][7] Medicinal extracts from various traditional herbs have been extensively used as adjuvants with the aim of improving the protective immunity conferred by vaccines against viral diseases. 8,9,13,[19][20][21][22] In the present study, we demonstrated that GSLS and Se (in the form of sodium selenite) have an adjuvant effect and that combined administration of GSLS and Se stimulates significantly enhanced immune responses than does GSLS or Se used alone. Following oral administration of GSLS, mice that received aPrV vaccine diluted in Se-containing PSS provoked a significantly stronger gB specific serum antibodies response (IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a) and evidenced increased lymphocyte proliferation and cytolytic activity of NK cells along with higher production of cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-10) by splenocytes.…”

“…Over the last few years, outbreaks of pseudorabies have been reported on farms that widely used attenuated live vaccine (Bartha‐K61), indicating that the vaccine does not provide effective protection against PrV infection in various regions of China . Medicinal extracts from various traditional herbs have been extensively used as adjuvants with the aim of improving the protective immunity conferred by vaccines against viral diseases . In the present study, we demonstrated that GSLS and Se (in the form of sodium selenite) have an adjuvant effect and that combined administration of GSLS and Se stimulates significantly enhanced immune responses than does GSLS or Se used alone.…”

“…Yu et al found that oral administration of GSLS significantly improved the immune responses of immune‐suppressed chickens to a bivalent live vaccine of ND and AI . Li et al reported that oral administration of GSLS to mice significantly increased the immune response to sc injection of FMD vaccine . Many research groups have demonstrated significant increases in number of splenocytes, duodenal IgA + cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes after oral administration of GSLS .…”

“…In mice, immune responses stimulated by foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine are reportedly significantly enhanced by oral gavage with GSLS. 8 According to the findings of Yu et al, 9 GSLS given orally to immunosuppressed chickens before immunization restores splenocyte proliferation, increases the number of intestinal immune cells and boosts HI antibody titers to a bivalent vaccine against Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI). When supplemented with rapeseed oil, an oil adjuvant or oil-emulsified FMD vaccine, GSLS reportedly shows a synergistic adjuvant effect.…”

“…When supplemented with rapeseed oil, an oil adjuvant or oil-emulsified FMD vaccine, GSLS reportedly shows a synergistic adjuvant effect. [10][11][12] Rivera et al have found that addition of ginseng saponins to a bivalent vaccine of porcine parvovirus and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae results in production of significantly higher antibody titers in pigs. 13 Further, selenium (Se), an essential micronutrient and trace element, has been shown to play significant roles in immunity and antioxidant defense.…”