Enhanced Immune Responses by Virus-Mimetic Polymeric Nanostructures Against Infectious Diseases

Abstract

Intermittent outbreaks of global pandemic disease have spurred new sensors and medicines development for the prevention of disease spread. This perspective specifically covers recent advances, challenges, and future directions in virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures and their application in biological medicines with a special emphasis on subunit vaccine development. With tailorable compositions and properties, polymers facilitate the ingenious design of various polymeric nanostructures. As one type of polymeric nanostructures, virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures have been developed as an attractive platform for enhanced immune responses, since they combine the merits of polymer nanocores with the biomimetic characteristic of virus which displays multivalent epitopes on their surfaces. This perspective also provides an applicative approach to rationally design virus-mimetic polymeric platforms based on nanostructures that are self-assembled by using polymers as templates and the antigens and metal oxide clusters loaded on their surface to mimic viruses in size and surface antigenicity. Sub-200 nm virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures are in a relatively lower level of endotoxins and can promote the antigens to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses against pathogenic bacteria. The promising development of virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures will continue to protect human health from common pathogens and emerging infectious threats.

Mace‐Like Plasmonic Au‐Pd Heterostructures Boost Near‐Infrared Photoimmunotherapy

“…A few studies have reported that nanopillar structures or nanopatterned features could influence immune cells, especially DCs. [33][34][35][36][37][38] Co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) expressions have been used to estimate the maturation level of DCs. Flow cytometry analysis in Figure 4a shows that pAu Pd HSs could increase the percentage of matured DCs by 20%, like the positive control (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) of 20.9%, which is a powerful promoter of the maturation of DC.…”

Degradation and Detection of Endocrine Disruptors by Laccase-Mimetic Polyoxometalates

“…At the same time, POM surfaces are rich in oxygen, hydroxyl, and/or water ligands, suggesting that POM-based materials are excellent candidates for biomimetic applications. Over the last decades, POMs have demonstrated their promising biological activities, such as antitumoral ( Bijelic et al, 2019 ), antimicrobial ( Xu et al, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2022 ), insulin-sensitizing ( Chen et al, 2020 ), immune-enhancing activities ( Li et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2022 ). In virtue of their structural diversity and physicochemical properties, POM-based nanomaterials exert oxidoreductase-mimicking activities, including oxidase, peroxidase ( Chen K. et al, 2018 ; Jia et al, 2019 ), and catalase ( Yadav and Singh, 2021 ).…”