Enhanced incorporation of n−3 fatty acids from fish compared with fish oils

Abstract

This work was undertaken to study the impact of the source of n-3 FA on their incorporation in serum, on blood lipid composition, and on cellular activation. A clinical trial comprising 71 volunteers, divided into five groups, was performed. Three groups were given 400 g smoked salmon (n = 14), cooked salmon (n = 15), or cooked cod (n = 13) per week for 8 wk. A fourth group was given 15 mL/d of cod liver oil (CLO) (n = 15), and a fifth group served as control (n = 14) without supplementation. The serum content of EPA and DHA before and after intervention revealed a higher rise in EPA and DHA in the cooked salmon group (129% rise in EPA and 45% rise in DHA) as compared with CLO (106 and 25%, respectively) despite an intake of EPA and DHA in the CLO group of 3.0 g/d compared with 1.2 g/d in the cooked salmon group. No significant changes were observed in blood lipids, fibrinogen, fibrinolysis, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tissue factor (TF) activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-8 (IL-8), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) in whole blood. EPA and DHA were negatively correlated with LPS-induced TNFalpha, IL-8, LTB4, TxB2, and TF in whole blood. In conclusion, fish consumption is more effective in increasing serum EPA and DHA than supplementing the diet with fish oil. Since the n-3 FA are predominantly in TAG in fish as well as CLO, it is suggested that the larger uptake from fish than CLO is due to differences in physiochemical structure of the lipids.

The differential effects of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular risk factors

“…Due to great variability in terms of design, dose of fish oils and population type, there is inconsistency regarding the effect of fish oils on haemostatic factors in human subjects (151,176) . However, studies generally show no significant effect of n-3 LCP on haemostatic factors levels or activities in healthy subjects (177)(178)(179) , with similar findings for algal DHA (180) . In type 2 diabetics, fish oil supplementation decreased fibrinogen levels by 10 % (162) , and increased factor VII by 25% (181) , based on meta-analysis of three trials (159 participants) and two trials (116 participants), respectively.…”

The marine n-3 PUFA DHA evokes cytoprotection against oxidative stress and protein misfolding by inducing autophagy and NFE2L2 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

“…The n-3 PUFA DHA (22:6, n-3) was used in final concentrations of 70 mM and 140 mM in the cell culture experiments which is well within physiological relevant levels found in serum of healthy individuals. 54 The diploid, spontaneously derived ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial cells 55 were used as a model system since these cells are relevant for the development of AMD. To determine the basal autophagy flux in these cells, cell extracts were analyzed by immunoblot for accumulation of lipidated microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 b (MAP1LC3B-II/ LC3B-II) and SQSTM1 in the absence or presence of the autophagy/ lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A 1 (BafA1) for different time points.…”

Composition of fatty acids and sterols composition in brown shrimp Crangon crangon and herring Clupea harengus membras from the Baltic Sea

“…These two marine species from the Baltic Seaare probably rich in biologically highly valuable peptides, proteins, minerals, trace metals, vitamins, flavor components, natural antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids, like other fish and shrimp (Heu et al 2003, Elvevoll et al 2006. Moreover, as pointed out by many researchers, the main and the only source of PUFAs n-3 essential for humans are fish and seafood (Osman et al 2001, Gladyshev et al 2007.…”