Enhanced infection of avian influenza virus H9N2 with infectious laryngeotracheitis vaccination in chickens

Arafat, Nagah; Eladl, Abdelfattah H.; Marghani, Basma H.; Saif, Mohamed A.; El‐Shafei, Reham A.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.009

Cited by 56 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In the current study, H9N2 subtype was found to cause severe tracheitis and pneumonia as well as mild pathological changes in liver and intestine of infected pigeons. There are similarities between these results and the histopathological observations reported in chickens infected with AIV H9N2 (Hassan et al, 2017;Arafat et al, 2018).…”

Section: Histopathologysupporting

confidence: 88%

Experimental Infection of Local Domestic and Feral (Columba livia domestica) Pigeons with Local Isolate of H9N2 Influenza Virus: Virological and Histopathological Study.

Rasheed¹,

Al-Ajeeli²,

Alazawy³

2020

jwpr

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A local isolate of low pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) H9N2 subtype was used in experimental infection of 50 domestic and 50 feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica) to determine the susceptibility of these birds to H9N2 infections and to study its histopathological effects on vaccinated and unvaccinated pigeons with H9N2 commercial vaccine. The birds were divided into five groups. Groups A and C contained 20 feral pigeons, B and D contained 20 domesticated pigeons. Group E contained 10 feral and 10 domesticated pigeons that were used as unvaccinated controls. Groups A and B were vaccinated with H9N2 and Newcastle disease virus commercial vaccines. Group C and D were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine only. All groups except E were challenged with a local isolate of H9N2 serotype. Antibodies titers against AIV were estimated pre and post-vaccination using ELISA. The results indicated low antibody titers against AIV in all groups in pre-vaccination that ranged between 152.83 ± 42.01 and 337.00 ± 150.76 with no significant differences between groups. Post-vaccination antibody evaluation indicated high titers of anti-AIV antibodies in groups A and B (740.13 ± 214.38 and 673.00 ± 242.40, respectively) in comparison to pre-vaccination levels. Clinical signs appeared on 5 th day post-vaccination that included mild respiratory signs, digestive disorders, and conjunctivitis in some birds of all groups. Histopathological changes in affected tissues appeared as moderate to severe multifocal necrosis diffused in the parenchymal cells of lung tissues. Infiltration with mononuclear inflammatory cells was detected in some lung tissue areas. Necrotic foci and mononuclear cell infiltration were also observed in trachea and liver of infected pigeons but mild changes were observed in intestine. The challenge virus was re-isolated in embryonated hen's eggs of nine days old by inoculation in allantoic cavity using samples collected from tissues and cloaca of infected pigeons showing clear clinical signs. The re-isolated virus was detected by the haemagglutination test using chicken RBCs and identified by haemagglutination inhibition test using a locally prepared hyperimmune serum to H9N2 in rabbits. In conclusion, pigeons are susceptible to AIV (H9N2) that might facilitate the transmission of the virus to other bird species.

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Section: Histopathologysupporting

confidence: 88%

Experimental Infection of Local Domestic and Feral (Columba livia domestica) Pigeons with Local Isolate of H9N2 Influenza Virus: Virological and Histopathological Study.

Rasheed¹,

Al-Ajeeli²,

Alazawy³

2020

jwpr

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“…Broilers may also show severe losses during co-infection with other pathogens, especially Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV),Newcastle disease virus (NDV), bacteria such as E. coli and Mycoplasma , or even live virus vaccines [ 5 , 9 , 20 , 21 ]. Recently several reports have highlighted the immunosuppressive effect associated with LPAI-H9N2 in poultry flocks either by altering the differentiation of lymphocytes or inflammatory cytokines or the depletion and apoptosis of some immune cells [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Moreover, some reports have discussed the effect of H9N2 on the alteration of blood biochemical and hematological parameters [ 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Vaccination Regimes for Avian Influenza H9N2 in Broiler Chicken

Talat

Abouelmaatti²,

Almeer

et al. 2020

Animals

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Low pathogenic avian influenza virus is one of the major threats that has been affecting the poultry industry in the Middle East region for decades. Attempts to eradicate this disease have failed. Currently, there are commercial vaccines that are either imported or produced locally from recently circulating isolates of H9N2 in Egypt and Middle Eastern countries. This present work focused on comparing the effectiveness of two vaccines belonging to these categories in Egypt. Two commercial broiler flocks (Cobb-500 Broiler) with maternally derived immunity (MDA) against H9N2 virus were employed and placed under normal commercial field conditions or laboratory conditions. Immunity was evaluated on the basis of detectable humoral antibodies against influenza H9N2 virus, and challenge was conducted at 28 days of life using a recent wild H9N2 virus. The results showed that vaccination on the 7th day of life provided significantly higher immune response in both vaccine types, with significantly lower virus shedding compared to vaccination at day 1 of life, regardless of field or laboratory conditions. In addition, the vaccine produced from a recent local H9N2 isolate (MEFLUVAC-H9-16) provided a significantly higher humoral immune response under both field and laboratory conditions, as measured by serology and virus shedding (number of shedders and amount of shedding virus), being significantly lower following challenge on the 28th day of life, contrary to the imported H9 vaccine. In conclusion, use of H9N2 vaccine at 7 days of life provided a significantly higher protection than vaccination at day 1 of life in birds with MDA, suggesting vaccination regimes between 5–8-days of life for broiler chicks with MDA. Moreover, use of a vaccine prepared from a recently circulating H9N2 virus showed significantly higher protection and was more suitable for birds in the Middle East.

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“…However, there have been no reports regarding the pathological lesion scores of tumorigenic viruses until now. Here, the pathological lesions caused by tumorigenic viruses in the livers were classified into four grades from 0 to 3 according to previous studies and published methods for determining lesion scores during viral infection 18,19 . This method could easily quantify the pathological lesions in ALV-A-infected birds, and could objectively show different levels in pathological lesions among three sets of infected birds: the pathological lesions in the livers of ALV-A-infected chickens at 21 dpi ranged from grade 1 to grade 2 (scores = 1.5~2.0), and the lesions in ALV-A-infected quails ranged from grade 0 to grade 1 (scores = 0.0~0.5) and the lesions were almost grade 0 in all ALV-A-infected pigeons (scores = 0).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…according to a protocol described elsewhere 17 , and these sections were observed and analyzed with a microscope. Microscopic lesions were determined based on previous scoring methods 18,19 . The scoring criteria for liver lesions were as follows: 0 = normal hepatic tissue; 1 = mild lesions (with congestion, lymphocyte infiltration, hepatocyte regeneration, etc.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Viremia, Cloacal Virus Shedding, Antibody Responses and Pathological Lesions in Adult Chickens, Quails, and Pigeons Infected with ALV-A

Zhang

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Subgroup A of the avian leukosis virus (ALV-A) can cause severe pathological lesions and death in infected chickens, and its reported hosts have increased recently. To assess the susceptibility of adult chickens, quails, and pigeons to ALV-A, three sets of 250-day-old birds were intraperitoneally inoculated with ALV-A. Viremia and cloacal virus shedding were dynamically detected using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA), ALV-P27 antigen ELISA or RT-PCR; pathological lesions were assessed using tissue sections; ALV-A in tissues was detected by IFA; and ALV-A antibody responses were detected using antibody ELISA kits and an immune diffusion test. The results indicated that persistent viremia occurred in 80% (8/10) of infected chickens, and transient viremia occurred in 17% (2/12) of infected quails, but no viremia occurred in infected pigeons. Cloacal virus shedding occurred intermittently in 80% (8/10) of infected chickens and in 8% (1/12) of infected quails but did not occur in infected pigeons. Severe inflammatory pathological lesions occurred in the visceral tissues of most infected chickens, and mild lesions occurred in a few of the infected quails, but no pathological lesions occurred in the infected pigeons. The ALV-A virus was detected in the visceral tissues of most infected chickens but not in the infected quails and pigeons. Obviously different ALV-A antibody responses occurred in the infected chickens, quails and pigeons. It can be concluded that adult chickens, quails and pigeons have dramatically different susceptibilities to ALV-A. This is the first report on artificial infection by ALV-A in different birds.

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Enhanced infection of avian influenza virus H9N2 with infectious laryngeotracheitis vaccination in chickens

Cited by 56 publications

References 39 publications

Experimental Infection of Local Domestic and Feral (Columba livia domestica) Pigeons with Local Isolate of H9N2 Influenza Virus: Virological and Histopathological Study.

Experimental Infection of Local Domestic and Feral (Columba livia domestica) Pigeons with Local Isolate of H9N2 Influenza Virus: Virological and Histopathological Study.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Vaccination Regimes for Avian Influenza H9N2 in Broiler Chicken

Comparison of Viremia, Cloacal Virus Shedding, Antibody Responses and Pathological Lesions in Adult Chickens, Quails, and Pigeons Infected with ALV-A

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