2023
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42115-7
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Enhanced joint impact of western hemispheric precursors increases extreme El Niño frequency under greenhouse warming

Hyun-Su Jo,
Yoo-Geun Ham

Abstract: Sea surface temperature variability over the north tropical Atlantic (NTA) and over the subtropical northeast Pacific (SNP), which is referred to as the North Pacific Meridional Mode, during the early boreal spring is known to trigger El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The future changes of the influence of those northwestern hemispheric precursors on ENSO are usually examined separately, even though their joint impacts significantly differ from the individual impacts. Here, we show that the impacts o… Show more

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“…The impacts of the greenhouse effect, such as global climate warming [1], extreme oceanic events [2], precipitation extremes [3,4], and glacial retreat [5], are significantly affecting the future survival of humanity. The emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are detected as the primary drivers of global warming [6][7][8].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The impacts of the greenhouse effect, such as global climate warming [1], extreme oceanic events [2], precipitation extremes [3,4], and glacial retreat [5], are significantly affecting the future survival of humanity. The emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are detected as the primary drivers of global warming [6][7][8].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%