“…Discharging RMs reported to date include 2,5-di- tert -butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, ,, other quinone derivatives, − iron phthalocyanine, and ethyl viologens. ,, Among the reported charging RMs, there are nitroxide radicals, ,, tetrathiafulvalene, N -methylphenothiazine, tris [4-(diethylamino)-phenyl]amine, N,N,N′,N′ -tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine, 5,10-dimethylphenazine, ferrocene, cobalt(II) bis (terpyridine), metal porphyrins, metal phthalocyanines, , LiI, CsI, InI 3 , LiBr, and LiNO 3 . 2-Phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO) is a phenyl-substituted nitronyl nitroxide (Figure ) that combines charging and discharging redox-mediation functions in one molecule; there are two redox processes occurring at 2.1 and 3.7 V vs Li/Li + .…”