Enhanced method for considering energy storage systems as ancillary service resources in stochastic unit commitment

Optimal electric vehicles charging scheduling for energy and reserve markets considering wind uncertainty and generator contingency

“…Constraint (5) represents that EV fleet at each hour as a one-state; constraint (6) indicates that EV fleet shares electric power to the power grid from the workplace or home; constraint (7) represents that EV fleets supply to the grid when participating in V2G mode; constraint (8) represents the EV fleet travel plan status, that is, binary status; constraints (9) and (10) give the inequality constraints of power exchange between the EV fleet and grid, considering states of the EV fleets and the charging/ discharging rates; constraint (11) indicates power exchange between home and workplace to grid, which is equivalent to charging/discharging power at each wind scenario; constraint (12) represents the state of the EV fleet that can only be charged/discharged while parked as given in the travel plan n; constraint (13) gives the maximum and minimum capacity of the EV fleets; constraints (14) and (15) represent the initial and terminal energy requirements; constraint (16) indicates the constraint of battery energy balance, while constraint (17) gives the SOC of battery, which represents the sum of SOC in the states of transporting, charging, and discharging. Constraints ( 18) and (19) indicate that the SOC can be approximated by a linear function of charging and discharging power.…”

“…Furthermore, the SCUC problem is more complex and time consuming due to RE uncertainty, reserve market, and ESSs. 10 Presently, storage asset is the use of EV fleets in traffic network transportation that can mitigate the issue of wind power generation. Thus, coordinated thermal generation and EV fleet scheduling, considering the effects of wind uncertainty, energy market, and N À 1 contingency criteria in stochastic SCUC problem, need to be explored.…”

Optimal Operation of Stand-Alone Microgrid Considering Emission Issues and Demand Response Program Using Whale Optimization Algorithm

“…A microgrid which can be explained as a low-voltage network with loads and different small-scale production systems can generate the demanded heat and power of the local loads. Increasing the usage of renewable energy sources (RESS) has led to an increase in the need for lateral services i.e., spinning reserve, frequency regulation, and controlling ramp rates, which practically increase the operation cost [6]. In this sense, it is worth mentioning that DRP is an important tool in the planning and operation of microgrids.…”

Research on Energy Storage Optimization Operation Schedule in an Island System

“…However, studies on the use of the PSS in the spinning reserve are still insufficient. Although the paper of Kwon and Kim [10] studied its use as an additional ancillary service, they only considered it to solve the error in demand forecast. Branco et al [11] included the PSS in the reserve but only set limited participation from it in the spinning reserve.…”