Enhanced nail delivery of voriconazole-loaded nanomicelles by thioglycolic acid pretreatment: A study of protein dynamics and disulfide bond rupture

Quality by Design Guided Development of Polymeric Nanospheres of Terbinafine Hydrochloride for Topical Treatment of Onychomycosis Using a Nano-Gel Formulation

“…A permeation enhancement pre-treatment of the nail plates was performed as a modification of previously demonstrated treatments [ 47 , 48 ]. An aqueous solution of 10% w / v TGA and 10% w / v PEG 400 was used for the pre-treatment of the nails, achieved by overnight incubation of the nail plates.…”

Poly(pseudo)rotaxanes formed by mixed micelles and α-cyclodextrin enhance terbinafine nail permeation to deeper layers

“…Although RH40: GEL +10% αCD caused lower accumulation of TB in the most external layers, a higher amount of TB was quantified after 72 and 144 h ( Fig. 10 b), which indicated TB penetration in the innermost regions of the hooves ( Krawczyk-Santos et al, 2021 ; Rocha et al, 2017 ). The amount of drug extracted (72 and 144 h) was about two times greater for RH40: GEL +10% αCD compared to all other formulations (p < 0.05).…”

“…When the nail plate absorbs water, pores can increase in number and size, an expansion of the structure occurs, increasing the porosity of the previously compact internal area. Hydrated nails also become more elastic, facilitating the permeation of different molecules ( Chouhan and Saini, 2012 ; Cutrin-Gomez et al, 2018c ; Gunt et al, 2007 ; Krawczyk-Santos et al, 2021 ; Nogueiras-Nieto et al, 2011 ). The effects of the formulations on the nail plate were quantified by means of the hydration enhancement factor (HEF24) ( Fig.…”

“…10 ). According to Rocha et al (2017) and Krawczyk-Santos et al (2021) , the more time-consuming the extraction procedure indicates that the drug has penetrated deeper into the nail structure. Physical and chemical bonds present in nail keratin are responsible for its structural stability and hinder the permeation of molecules as a safety mechanism.…”

“…After 24 h, hooves were withdrawn from the vials and wiped with tissue paper to remove any residue of formulation from their surface. Samples were weighed again, and the hydration enhancement factor (HEF24) for each formulation was calculated as the ratio of the weight gain of hooves exposed to formulations ( Wp) compared to the weight gain of hooves exposed to control ( Wc) ( Chouhan and Saini, 2012 ; Krawczyk-Santos et al, 2021 ; Rocha et al, 2017 ), according to Eq. (7) .…”