Enhanced Nitrogen Doping in TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles

Burda, Clemens; Lou, Yongbing; Chen, Xiaobo; Samia, Anna Cristina S.; Stout, J. D.; Gole, James L.

doi:10.1021/nl034332o

Cited by 1,221 publications

(894 citation statements)

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“…Nanomaterials show a higher tolerance to structural distortion than bulk materials due to their inherent lattice strain. As a result, the surface modification of TiO 2 nanoparticles appears to be more beneficial than the modification of bulk TiO 2 [71].…”

Section: Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of TiO2 nanoparticles

2011

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Climate change and the consumption of non-renewable resources are considered as the greatest problems facing humankind. Because of this, photocatalysis research has been rapidly expanding. TiO 2 nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for photocatalytic applications including the decomposition of organic compounds and production of H 2 as a fuel using solar energy. This article reviews the structure and electronic properties of TiO 2 , compares TiO 2 with other common semiconductors used for photocatalytic applications and clarifies the advantages of using TiO 2 nanoparticles. TiO 2 is considered close to an ideal semiconductor for photocatalysis but possesses certain limitations such as poor absorption of visible radiation and rapid recombination of photogenerated electron/hole pairs. In this review article, various methods used to enhance the photocatalytic characteristics of TiO 2 including dye sensitization, doping, coupling and capping are discussed. Environmental and energy applications of TiO 2 , including photocatalytic treatment of wastewater, pesticide degradation and water splitting to produce hydrogen have been summarized. Historical backgroundThe growth of industry worldwide has tremendously increased the generation and accumulation of waste byproducts. In general, the production of useful products has been focused on and the generation of waste byproducts has been largely ignored. This has caused severe environmental problems that have become a major concern. Researchers all over the world have been working on various approaches to address this issue. Photoinduced processes have been studied and various applications have been developed. One important technique for removing industrial waste is the use of light energy (electromagnetic radiation) and particles sensitive to this energy to mineralize waste which aids in its removal from solution. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is considered very close to an ideal semiconductor for photocatalysis because of its high stability, low cost and safety toward both humans and the environment.*Corresponding author (email: shipra.mital@gmail.com)In 1964, Kato et al.[1] published their work on the photocatalytic oxidation of tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) by a TiO 2 suspension, which was followed by McLintock et al. [2] investigating the photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene and propylene in the presence of oxygen adsorbed on TiO 2 . However, the most important discovery that extensively promoted the field of photocatalysis was the "Honda-Fujishima Effect" first described by Fujishima and Honda in 1972 [3]. This well-known chemical phenomenon involves electrolysis of water, which is related to photocatalysis. Photoirradiation of a TiO 2 (rutile) single crystal electrode immersed in an aqueous electrolyte solution induced the evolution of oxygen from the TiO 2 electrode and the evolution of hydrogen from a platinum counterelectrode when an anodic bias was applied to the TiO 2 working electrode. In 1977, Frank and Bard [4] examined the reduction of ...

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Section: Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of TiO2 nanoparticles

2011

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“…The observed band gap shift from the UV into the visible region has been attributed to (i) substitution of lattice oxygen by the anion or (ii) formation of interstitial species in vacancies or micro-voids that give rise to surface or near-surface states. [127][128][129] Table 4.…”

Section: Noble Metals/mesoporous Tiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoporous titania photocatalysts: preparation, characterization and reaction mechanisms

2011

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Titanium dioxide is a very important semiconductor with a high potential for applications in photocatalysis, solar cells, photochromism, sensoring, and various other areas of nanotechnology. Increasing attention has recently been focused on the simultaneous achievement of high bulk crystallinity and the formation of ordered mesoporous TiO 2 frameworks with high thermal stability. Mesoporous TiO 2 has continued to be highly active in photocatalytic applications because it is beneficial for promoting the diffusion of reactants and products, as well as for enhancing the photocatalytic activity by facilitating access to the reactive sites on the surface of photocatalyst. This steady progress has demonstrated that mesoporous TiO 2 nanoparticles are playing and will continue to play an important role in the protection of the environment and in the search for renewable and clean energy technologies. This review focuses on the preparation and characterisation of mesoporous titania, noble metals nanoparticles, transition metal ions, non-metal/doped mesoporous titania networks. The photocatalytic activity of mesoporous titania materials upon visible and UV illumination will be reviewed, summarized and discussed, in particular, concerning the influence of preparation and solid-state properties of the materials. Reaction mechanisms that are being discussed to explain these effects will be presented and critically evaluated.

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“…1), when TiO2 is doped by nitrogen, the absorption edge is unambiguously shifted towards higher wavelengths in the visible part of the spectrum (~460 nm). 1) The red shift of the absorption edge can be explained if we consider the band structure of TiO2, illustrated in a simplified manner in Fig. 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%