“…The O 1s spectrum of all samples can be split into three peaks, as shown in Figure d–f, which correspond to lattice oxygen (O L ), vacancy oxygen (O V ), and surface chemically adsorbed oxygen (O C ) . The major peak of S1, S2, and S3 with binding energies of 530.90, 530.45, and 530.92 eV correspond to (O L ) from Sn–O–Sn, other peak located in the binding energy of 531.69, 531.27, and 531.71 eV belongs to the O V , and other peaks at the binding energy of 532.69, 532.24, and 532.60 eV belongs to the O C (O – , O 2– , and O 2 – ). , S2 has the highest O V content ratios (27.86%) compared with S1 and S3 of 23.60 and 20.86%, respectively. The higher vacancy oxygen and adsorbed oxygen of S2 are helpful in improving the gas-sensing performance …”