“…These are assigned to surface lattice oxygen (O latt ), surface adsorbed oxygen (O ads ), and chemisorbed water (O w ), respectively. , As shown in Table , MnO x -NA exhibits the highest O ads /O latt molar ratio of 0.67, which indicates there are more O v in MnO x -NA . It was considered that O v played a significant role in the oxidation for VOCs. ,, Therefore, the rich Mn 3+ and O ads demonstrate that the in situ carbon-confinement process is conducive to expose and generate O v on the surface of MnO x with the assistance of reductive carbon. , Moreover, to further gain information on the O v , Raman and EPR were employed as the effective techniques. As depicted in Figure c, the bands at 307, 648, and 700 cm –1 are detected for MnO x -B; the bands at 363, 473, and 651 cm –1 are detected for MnO x -A; and the bands at 307, 653, and 698 cm –1 are detected for MnO x -NA.…”