“…2e, the core-level O 1s spectrum can be well fitted with peaks at binding energies of 530.4, 531.6, 532.1, and 533.1 eV and can be assigned to the superficial V–O, V–OH, CO, and C–O species, respectively. 21,25,26 Moreover, deconvolution of the N 1s spectrum, as depicted in Fig. 2f, results in three peaks centered around 397.3 eV, 399.2 eV, and 400.9 eV, indicating the presence of pyridinic-N (N-6), pyrrolic-N (N-5), and quaternary-N (N-Q) species, respectively.…”