“…19,20 Hence, highresistivity, or semi-insulating (SI), single crystals are necessary for b-Ga 2 O 3 -based photodetectors that are intended for use in hightemperature and other extreme environments, and the material deterioration of b-Ga 2 O 3 at elevated temperature might be suppressed using optimized SI crystals. 21 For b-Ga 2 O 3 bulk single crystals, conducting, SI, and unintentionally doped (UID) crystals can be grown using the edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG), Czochralski (CZ), Bridgman, and floating zone (FZ) methods. [22][23][24] Conducting b-Ga 2 O 3 crystals could be obtained by doping with shallow donor impurities, such as Si, Ge, and Sn, 22,25 whose free-electron concentrations are in the range of 10 17 -10 19 cm À3 .…”